2020 Petrinja earthquake

At approximately 12:20 PM CET (11:20 UTC) on 29 December 2020, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 Mw (6.2 ML) hit central Croatia, with an epicenter located roughly 3 km (1.9 mi) west-southwest of Petrinja.[1] The maximum felt intensity was estimated at VIII (Heavily damaging) to IX (Destructive) on the European macroseismic scale.[2] Before this event there were three foreshocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 5.2 Mw on the day before. The earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 4.9 Mw. The adversely affected areas were mostly in the Sisak-Moslavina County and other nearby Croatian counties, as well as some of the nearby areas of Bosnia and Slovenia.

2020 Petrinja earthquake
UTC time2020-12-29 11:19:54
ISC event619627723
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date29 December 2020
Local time12:19 p.m. CET (UTC+1)
Magnitude6.4 Mw,[1] 6.2 ML[2]
Depth10 km (6.2 mi)
Epicentre45.4002°N 16.2187°E / 45.4002; 16.2187[3][4]
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affected
Max. intensityIX (Violent)
Foreshocks3 with a ML4.0 or greater
Largest: Mw5.2 at 05:28 UTC, 28 December 2020
AftershocksNumerous
Largest: Mw4.9 at 17:01 UTC, 6 January 2021
Casualties7 dead, 26 injured
Citations[1][2][3][4]

Seven people were confirmed dead, while 26 others were injured, with six having serious injuries. Initial reports show many buildings destroyed in Petrinja.[5] The mayor of Petrinja Darinko Dumbović said that half of the town has been destroyed.[6][7][8][9]

Tectonic setting

The epicenter is located in a hilly area just south of the Kupa-Sava alluvial plain, with the Zrinska gora mountain and the rest of the Dinaric Alps to the south.

The Pokuplje seismic area follows the Kupa river valley from Karlovac to Sisak. This area has been affected by several historical earthquakes, the best known being the major event in 1909 with the epicenter near Pokupsko, with aftershocks that continued into 1910. It had a maximum felt intensity of VIII on the MCS scale. This seismicity has been associated with reactivation of northwest–southeast trending normal faults that form the southwestern boundary of the Pannonian Basin.[10][11]

The last earthquake on the territory of Croatia that had a magnitude of 6.0 ML was in Ston in 1996. In 1969, the fault system which extends from Jastrebarsko over this area towards Banja Luka had a 6.6 ML earthquake which hit the latter city, and that one was also preceded by significant foreshocks one day earlier. In 1880, a 6.3 ML struck north-east of Zagreb. In March 2020, a 5.5 ML earthquake struck the city of Zagreb.[12]

Earthquake
External video
Start of earthquake during live TV in Croatia, Tancredi Palmeri on Twitter, N1 Croatia cut. Recorded in Zagreb, 51 km (32 mi) from epicenter.

The earthquake had a magnitude of 6.4 Mw  and a depth of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) according to Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS)[1] and European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC),[13] while the Seismological Survey of Croatia recorded 6.2 ML. The maximum felt intensity was VIII (heavily damaging) to IX (destructive) on the European macroseismic scale (EMS)[2] and IX (violent) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MMI).

The location and depth of this event show that it was an intraplate earthquake that occurred as a result of shallow strike-slip faulting within the Eurasian Plate. The calculated focal mechanism for the event indicates that rupture occurred on a nearly vertical fault striking either to the southeast or southwest.[1]

The Croatian Seismological Survey estimated the earthquake's epicentre at 45°24′0.72″N 16°13′7.32″E (45.4002, 16.2187),[3][4] located near the village of Strašnik, within the town of Petrinja.[14]

The earthquake was felt throughout northern Croatia, as well as in large parts of Slovenia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Italy, as well as in some parts of Montenegro, Germany, and the Czech Republic.[13]

Foreshocks

Three foreshocks had hit the same area the day before, estimated by the CSS at magnitudes 5.0, 4.7 and 4.1 respectively.[15]

Foreshocks of Mw  4.0 or greater
Date Time (UTC) M MMI Depth Ref.
28 December05:285.2 VII10.0 km (6.2 mi)[16]
28 December06:494.7 VI10.0 km (6.2 mi)[17]

Aftershocks

There were 16 aftershocks ML 3.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor according to CSS.[3]

Aftershocks of Mw  3.0 or greater (those registered by the USGS)
Date Time (UTC) M MMI Depth Ref.
29 December12:344.4 VI10.0 km (6.2 mi)[18]
30 December05:154.8 V10.0 km (6.2 mi)[19]
30 December05:264.7 IV10.0 km (6.2 mi)[20]
31 December 08:15 3.7 V 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [21]
2 January 18:00 3.4 III 9.3 km (5.8 mi) [22]
4 January 06:49 4.4 III 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [23]
5 January 06:11 3.3 II 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [24]
6 January 17:01 4.9 V 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [25]
7 January 11:06 4.0 III 9.9 km (6.2 mi) [26]
9 January 21:29 4.8 VI 8.7 km (5.4 mi) [27]
10 January 23:28 3.8 IV 9.6 km (6.0 mi) [28]
15 January 12:01 4.4 II 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [29]

Damage

The town of Petrinja was the worst affected, with many buildings collapsed and a major power outage.[5] Damage and power outages were also reported in Dvor, Glina, Gvozd, Hrvatska Kostajnica, Kutina, Sisak, Sunja, Topusko, Velika Gorica, and Zagreb, as well as the neighbouring countries Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia.[30][31]

Sisak-Moslavina County

In Petrinja, the town closest to the epicenter, almost all houses were damaged.[32] The whole town centre was heavily damaged.[33] One elementary school was damaged.[34] Roofs of the town hall and the Church of Saint Lawrence were destroyed.[35] The entire village of Brest Pokupski near Petrinja was heavily damaged.[33]

The city of Sisak, located roughly 20 km (12 mi) northeast of the epicenter, suffered major damage to its hospital, as well as its city hall. Despite the damage, the hospital was not shut down.[36][37] Most damage was inflicted on old buildings in the center of the town. It is estimated that between 700 and 1,000 houses were damaged in Sisak and nearby villages.[32]

In village of Strašnik where the epicenter was located, as well as in nearby village of Sibić, almost all houses were damaged. Part of the villages' populations were evacuated and tents with food and water were set up.[32]

Majske Poljane is the village that suffered most damage from the earthquake; all buildings were damaged and many collapsed. It is also the place with the largest number of deaths, out of seven total fatalities five were in Majske Poljane.[38]

In Žažina, one church collapsed, injuring three and killing one other person.[39]

Zagreb County and City of Zagreb

In Pokupsko, which is roughly 20 km (12 mi) northwest of the epicenter, many buildings were damaged including a school, a kindergarten and an 18th century church.[40]

In the town of Zaprešić, which is roughly 60 km (37 mi) north-northwest of the epicenter, four residential buildings sustained damage, forcing more than 80 families to leave the town.[41]

The city of Zagreb, which is roughly 50 km (31 mi) to the north of the epicenter, was affected with some building damage, power outages, and many residents taking to the streets in distress.[42]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Buildings were damaged in multiple towns across northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Una-Sana Canton and northern Republika Srpska, which are roughly between 30 km (19 mi) and 90 km (56 mi) southwest, south, and southeast of the epicenter. Towns which were damaged include Velika Kladuša, Bihać, Cazin, Kozarska Dubica, and Kostajnica, which suffered the most damage from the earthquake. In Kostajnica, a state of emergency was declared, the earthquake caused six conflagrations, and many buildings were damaged, including the town hall, which was declared out of function.[43]

Slovenia

Buildings were damaged in several areas and towns, mostly nearby the Slovenia–Croatia border. People reported damage to facades, roofs, and chimneys from the southeastern towns of Krško and Brežice and the old town of Kostanjevica na Krki, which lie roughly 70 km (43 mi) northwest of the epicenter. The Krško Nuclear Plant automatically shut down and was later systematically reviewed, with no damage reported. In northeastern Slovenia, roughly 125 km (78 mi) north-northwest of the epicenter, there were power and telecommunication outages in the area of its central town of Maribor, the municipal building in nearby Ptuj was damaged, and there was damage to the church in Sveta Trojica. In Ljubljana, the capital, a session of Parliament had to be stopped, and the interior of the Parliament building incurred minor damage. No injuries were recorded in the country.[44]

Casualties
Church in Žažina after the earthquake

A 13-year-old girl died and at least 20 others were injured in Petrinja. The town's mayor was quoted stating that half of the town was destroyed.[45][46][47][8] A 20-year-old man and his father were killed when their house collapsed in Majske Poljane near Glina. Three other people were later found dead in the same village.[48][31] Majske Poljane was the hardest hit of all the settlements affected by the earthquake. One person was later found dead in Žažina after the local church collapsed.[30]

On 3 January 2021, a volunteer rescue worker fell to his death from a building while he was repairing damage from the earthquake.[49] Another worker died on 20 January, after a wall collapsed onto him while he was repairing a house in Sisak.[50]

International reactions

Countries
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina – The Ministry of Security offered the Croatian Ministry of the Interior – the Civil Protection Headquarters – assistance after the earthquake. The Bosnia and Herzegovina Ministry of Security, after consultations and coordination with institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, made two protection and rescue teams available: the team of the Federal Civil Protection Administration with 42 rescuers, and the team of the Republic Civil Protection Administration of Republika Srpska with 18 rescuers, which will be sent to the affected area with their accompanying equipment if the aid is accepted by Croatia.[52]
  • Romania – The Department for Emergency Situations (DSU) showed their willingness to intervene and provide support to the Croatian authorities. DSU search and rescue teams declared readiness to intervene in Croatia on the basis of the request for assistance made by the Croatian government.[61] Raed Arafat, head of the Emergency Situations Department, requested that the RO-USAR (Romanian – Urban Search and Rescue) teams be prepared to intervene.[62] On 30 December, Prime Minister Florin Cîțu announced that his cabinet approved a decision to send approximately €131,500 worth of aid through the DSU and the National Administration of State Reserves, consisting of living containers, tents, beds, mattresses and sleeping bags.[63]
  • Slovenia – Prime Minister Janez Janša offered to send tents, beds and heaters to help take care of those who lost their homes during the earthquake; he also offered to send experts for damage assessment.[59]
  • Turkey – President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, in phone calls to his Croatian counterpart Zoran Milanović, extended his condolences to Croatia over the magnitude 6.4 earthquake. Erdoğan also stated that Turkey is ready to provide search and rescue teams and all other help that may be needed.[68]

International organizations

Aftermath

The earthquake prompted a preventive shutdown of the Krško Nuclear Power Plant in Slovenia, roughly 100 km (62 mi) away.[69][70] The Paks Nuclear Power Plant in Hungary, roughly 300 km (190 mi) away, also felt the earthquake, but did not cease electricity production.[71]

Croatia declared 2 January 2021 a national day of mourning in honor of the victims of this earthquake.[72]

See also

Notes
a.   ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008. Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently recognized as an independent state by 98 out of the 193 United Nations member states. In total, 113 UN member states recognized Kosovo at some point, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition.

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