2019 Polish parliamentary election

The 2019 Polish parliamentary elections were held on 13 October 2019. All 460 members of the Sejm and 100 senators of the Senate were elected. The ruling Law and Justice (PiS) retained its majority in the Sejm, but lost its majority in the Senate to the opposition. With 43.6% of the popular vote, Law and Justice received the highest vote share by any party since Poland returned to democracy in 1989. The turnout was the highest for a parliamentary election since the first free elections after the fall of communism in 1989.[2] For the first time after 1989, the ruling party controls one house (Sejm) and opposition controls second (Senate).

2019 Polish parliamentary election

13 October 2019
All 460 seats in the Sejm ^231 seats are needed for a majority in the Sejm All 100 seats in the Senate of Poland ^51 seats are needed for a majority in the Senate
Opinion polls
Registered	30,253,556
Turnout	18,678,457 (61.74%) (Sejm) 18,677,930 (61.74%) (Senate) 10.82%
Leader Mateusz Morawiecki Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska Włodzimierz Czarzasty Party PiS PO SLD Alliance United Right Civic Coalition The Left Leader since 11 December 2017 (Prime Minister) 3 September 2019 (PM Candidate)[1] 19 July 2019 Leader's seat 31 – Katowice II 19 – Warsaw I 32 – Katowice III Last election 235 seats, 37.58% ^(Sejm) 61 seats, 39.99% ^(Senate) 166 seats, 31.69%[lower-alpha 1] ^(Sejm) 34 seats, 31.48% ^(Senate) 0 seats, 11.17%[lower-alpha 2] ^(Sejm) 0 seats, 3.97% ^(Senate) Seats before 235 (Sejm) 61 (Senate) 155 (Sejm) 26 (Senate) 0 (Sejm) 0 (Senate) Seats won 235 (Sejm) 48 (Senate) 134 (Sejm) 43 (Senate) 49 (Sejm) 2 (Senate) Seat change (Sejm) 13 (Senate) 21 (Sejm) 17 (Senate) 49 (Sejm) 2 (Senate) Popular vote 8,051,935 (43.59%) (Sejm) 8,110,193 (44.56%) (Senate) 5,060,355 (27.4%) (Sejm) 6,490,306 (35.66%) (Senate) 2,319,946 (12.56%) (Sejm) 415,745 (2.28%) (Senate) Swing 6.01% (Sejm) 4.57% (Senate) 4.29% (Sejm) 4.18% (Senate) 1.39% (Sejm) 1.69% (Senate)   Leader Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz Janusz Korwin-Mikke Robert Winnicki Grzegorz Braun Ryszard Galla Party PSL KORWiN RN KKP German Minority Alliance Polish Coalition[lower-alpha 3] Confederation[lower-alpha 4] - Leader since 4 July 2019 6 December 2018 25 September 2005 Leader's seat 15 - Tarnów 19 – Warsaw I 24 - Białystok 23 - Rzeszów 21 - Opole Last election 58 seats, 13.94%[lower-alpha 5] ^(Sejm) 1 seats, 8.78% ^(Senate) 0 seats, 4.84%[lower-alpha 6] ^(Sejm) 0 seats, 1.24% ^(Senate) 1 seat, 0.18%[lower-alpha 7] ^(Sejm) 0 seats, 0.26% ^(Senate) Seats before 38 (Sejm) 1 (Senate) 0 (Sejm) 0 (Senate) 1 (Sejm) 0 (Senate) Seats won 30 (Sejm) 3 (Senate) 11 (Sejm) 0 (Senate) 1 (Sejm) 0 (Senate) Seat change 8 (Sejm) 2 (Senate) 11 (Sejm) (Senate) (Sejm) (Senate) Popular vote 1,578,523 (8.55%) (Sejm) 1,041,909 (5.72%) (Senate) 1,256,953 (6.81%) (Sejm) 144,124 (0.79%) (Senate) 32,094 (0.17%) (Sejm) 49,138 (0.27%) (Senate) Swing 5.39% (Sejm) 3.06% (Senate) 1.97% (Sejm) 0.45% (Senate) 0.01% (Sejm) 0.01% (Senate)
Seats won by Sejm district
Prime Minister before election Mateusz Morawiecki PiS Elected Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki PiS

Background

Following the 2015 parliamentary elections the Law and Justice (PiS) party was able to form a majority government, after receiving 235 seats to the 138 won by their main competitor, Civic Platform, the first time in the post-communist era that a party had won an outright majority in parliamentary elections.[3][4] Beata Szydło became Prime Minister on 16 November 2015 heading a cabinet that also included Solidary Poland and Poland Together, which ran on joint lists with Law & Justice.

On 23 December 2015 the Sejm passed a law, which reorganized the Constitutional Court, introducing a requirement for a two-thirds majority and the mandatory participation of at least 13, instead of 9 of the 15 judges. In addition, in early 2016 the PiS government passed a law which began the process of giving the government full control of state radio and television.[5] In protest, the Committee for the Defence of Democracy, with help from the Modern party and Civic Platform, started demonstrations across the country.[6]

In December 2016 a parliamentary crisis took place, after the Marshal of the Sejm Marek Kuchciński excluded a Civic Platform's MP Michał Szczerba from the Sejm's proceedings.[7] In protest, members of the opposition occupied the Sejm's rostrum. The Marshal, unable to proceed in the main session chamber, moved the session to the smaller Column Hall.[8] Some politicians and comentators supporting Law and Justice accused opposition of attempting a "coup d'état".[9] There was no military involvement in the event. It ended fruitlessly for the opposition, though the Modern party was disgraced, as its leader, Ryszard Petru, was photographed flying to Madeira, with fellow MP Joanna Schmidt, during the tense situation.[10] Modern's opinion poll ratings fell as a result.

In December 2017 Mateusz Morawiecki succeeded Beata Szydło as Prime Minister.[11]

December 6, 2018 the Pro-Polish Coalition was formed[12][13] - an alliance of KORWiN and the National Movement, with more parties joining later in order to contest the 2019 Elections to the European Parliament. The alliance later changed its name to just "Confederation".

In February 2019 the Wiosna party was founded as a left wing anticlerical party.[14] For the 2019 European Parliament elections, the opposition formed a wide coalition, the European Coalition, with the exception of Wiosna. However, PiS won the European elections. Following the loss, the European Coalition dissolved and the Confederation lost many member parties and leaders.[15] In June 2019 Modern and the Civic Platform formed a joint parliamentary club.[16] August 6, the Left was formed, a de facto coalition of Razem, SLD and Wiosna, de jure carrying the SLD name.[17] On August 8, 2019 PSL allied with Kukiz'15 in an alliance named "Polish Coalition".[18]

Electoral system

The 460 members of the Sejm are elected by open party-list proportional representation in 41 multi-member districts. Each district has between 7 and 19 seats.

Seats are allocated using the D'Hondt method, with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions (thresholds are waived for national minorities).

The Senate is elected using first-past-the-post voting in single-member districts.[19] Candidates for Deputies are nominated either by the electoral committees of the various political parties and or by individual voter committees.[20]

Overall, the Sejm includes 460 MPs. Should a party have 231 or more deputies in Parliament, it has an absolute majority and could govern by itself, without a coalition partner.

The constitution can be amended with a supermajority of two-thirds, or 307 deputies.

Election date

The date of the election, 13 October, was set by the President of Poland, Andrzej Duda.

The Constitution of Poland requires that the next election should take place on a non-working day, Sunday or national holiday, within the 30-day period before the expiry of the 4-year period beginning from the commencement of the current Sejm's and Senate's term of office.[21] Elections can be held earlier under certain conditions, for instance, if the Sejm is dissolved or if no government is formed in time limit set by the constitution.[22]

Since the former Sejm and Senate first sitting took place on 12 November 2015,[23] possible dates were Sundays 13 October, 20 October, 27 October, 3 November and 10 November 2019. The other possible but unlikely dates were public holidays 1 November (All Saints' Day) and 11 November (Independence Day) 2019.

Lists

Electoral committees registered in all constituencies

List			Ideology	European Union position	Leader	Standing pre-campaign		# of candidates
						Sejm	Senate	Sejm	Senate
	1	Polish Coalition[lower-alpha 3] • Polish People's Party • Kukiz'15 • Union of European Democrats • Alliance of Democrats • Silesians Together • Poland Needs Us • One-PL	Christian democracy, decentralization	Pro-Europeanism	Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz	38 / 460	1 / 100	919	16
	2	Law and Justice[lower-alpha 8] • Agreement • United Poland • Republican Party • "Piast" Party • Free and Solidary	National conservatism, Christian democracy	Soft Euroscepticism	Jarosław Kaczyński[lower-alpha 9]	240 / 460	61 / 100	919	99
	3	The Left[lower-alpha 10] • Democratic Left Alliance • Spring • Together • Your Movement • Polish Socialist Party	Social democracy, progressivism	Pro-Europeanism	Włodzimierz Czarzasty	0 / 460	0 / 100	911	7
	4	Confederation[lower-alpha 4] • KORWiN • National Movement • Confederation of the Polish Crown • Union of Christian Families • Party of Drivers • National League	Right-libertarianism, Polish nationalism	Hard Euroscepticism	Janusz Korwin-Mikke Robert Winnicki Grzegorz Braun	4 / 460	0 / 100	881	7
	5	Civic Coalition[lower-alpha 11] • Civic Platform • Modern • The Greens • Polish Initiative • Silesian Autonomy Movement • Social Democracy of Poland	Liberalism, big tent	Pro-Europeanism	Grzegorz Schetyna, Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska (candidate for Prime Minister)[24]	155 / 460	26 / 100	920	73

Electoral committees registered in less than half of the constituencies

List			Ideology	European Union position	Leader	Standing pre-campaign		Number of constituencies	# of candidates
						Sejm	Senate		Sejm	Senate
	6	Right Wing of the Republic	Social conservatism, political Catholicism	Soft Euroscepticism	Bogusław Kiernicki	1 / 460	0 / 100	0	18	0
	7	Action of Disappointed Retirees and Pensioners	Pensioners' rights, solidarism	Soft Euroscepticism	Wojciech Kornowski	0 / 460	0 / 100	3	53	0
	8	Coalition of Nonpartisan and Local Government Activists	Decentralization, pro-single-member districts	Pro-Europeanism	Robert Raczyński	0 / 460	0 / 100	19	405	14
	9	Effective	Classical liberalism, direct democracy	Soft Euroscepticism	Piotr Liroy-Marzec	1 / 460	0 / 100	5	75	0
	10	German Minority	German minority interests, regionalism	Pro-Europeanism	Ryszard Galla	1 / 460	0 / 100	1	24	2

Electoral committees with candidates only for the Senate

Name		Ideology	European Union position	Leader	Candidates
					Sejm	Senate
	Restore the Law	Pro-single-member districts, populism	Soft Euroscepticism	Janusz Sanocki	Effective list	7
	Polish Left	Social democracy, third way	Pro-Europeanism	Jacek Zdrojewski		3
	List of Mirosław Piotrowski to the Senate	National Catholicism, Christian right	Soft Euroscepticism	Mirosław Piotrowski		3
	Self-Defence	Agrarian socialism, left-wing nationalism	Hard Euroscepticism	Lech Kuropatwiński		2
	Unity of the Nation	National conservatism, national Catholicism	Soft Euroscepticism	Gabriel Janowski		2
	Silesians Together	Localism, Silesian autonomism	Pro-Europeanism	Leon Swaczyna	Polish Coalition list	2
	List of Kukiz'15 to the Senate	Pro-single-member districts, direct democracy	Pro-Europeanism	Paweł Kukiz	Polish Coalition list	2
	Other electoral committees with only one candidate				Various	39

Campaign slogans

List		Slogan in Polish	Unofficial English translation
	Polish Coalition	Łączymy Polaków	We connect Poles
	Law and Justice	Dobry czas dla Polski	A good time for Poland
	The Left	Łączy nas przyszłość Wybierz przyszłość	The future unites us Choose the future
	Confederation	Polska dla Ciebie	Poland for you
	Civic Coalition	Jutro może być lepsze; Współpraca, a nie kłótnie	Tomorrow can be better; Cooperation, not quarrels
	Coalition of Nonpartisans and Local Government Activists	Ty też jesteś bezpartyjny!	You are also nonpartisan!
	Effective	Odpowiedzialna Polska	Responsible Poland
	German Minority	Opolskie! Ma znaczenie	Opole! It matters

Opinion polls

Results

Sejm

Results of the Sejm election by powiats.

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Law and Justice	8,051,935	43.59	235	–5
	Civic Coalition	5,060,355	27.40	134	–32
	The Left	2,319,946	12.56	49	+49
	Polish Coalition	1,578,523	8.55	30	–28
	Confederation	1,256,953	6.81	11	+7
	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists	144,773	0.78	0	New
	German Minority Electoral Committee	32,094	0.17	1	0
	Effective	18,918	0.10	0	New
	Action of Disappointed Retirees and Pensioners	5,448	0.03	0	New
	Right Wing of the Republic	1,765	0.01	0	–1
Total		18,470,710	100.00	460	0
Valid votes		18,470,710	98.89
Invalid/blank votes		207,747	1.11
Total votes		18,678,457	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		30,253,556	61.74
Source: National Electoral Commission

Popular vote (Sejm) PiS   43.59% KO   27.40% SLD   12.56% PSL   8.55% KWiN   6.81% BS   0.78% Others   0.31%

Parliament seats (Sejm) PiS   51.09% KO   29.13% SLD   10.65% PSL   6.52% KWiN   2.39% MN   0.22%

By constituency

Constituency	Turnout	PiS	KO	SLD	PSL	KWiN	MN	Others	Lead
1 – Legnica	57.80	42.40	25.02	16.43	7.17	5.85	-	0.00	17.38
2 – Wałbrzych	55.83	40.54	32.09	12.35	7.25	5.42	-	2.34	8.45
3 – Wrocław	65.89	34.67	32.80	15.41	7.45	6.46	-	3.21	1.87
4 – Bydgoszcz	59.90	36.43	31.05	15.17	9.02	7.05	-	1.29	5.38
5 – Toruń	56.37	40.38	26.42	14.83	10.88	6.33	-	1.16	13.96
6 – Lublin	60.88	55.39	19.30	7.81	9.10	7.07	-	1.32	36.09
7 – Chełm	54.40	59.50	14.80	6.83	11.86	5.84	-	1.16	44.70
8 – Zielona Góra	57.20	34.30	31.27	15.61	11.63	7.19	-	0.00	3.03
9 – Łódź	68.32	32.90	35.82	20.10	4.53	6.65	-	0.00	2.92
10 – Piotrków Trybunalski	61.81	56.21	15.64	10.95	10.44	6.76	-	0.00	40.57
11 – Sieradz	60.92	49.81	20.48	11.98	10.29	5.88	-	1.56	29.33
12 – Kraków I	62.86	53.48	23.04	8.51	7.90	7.06	-	0.00	30.44
13 – Kraków II	68.57	39.56	30.48	13.01	7.27	7.99	-	1.69	9.08
14 – Nowy Sącz	60.28	65.80	13.83	6.07	7.35	6.95	-	0.00	51.97
15 – Tarnów	60.47	59.59	14.00	5.94	13.35	7.11	-	0.00	45.59
16 – Płock	57.68	52.45	16.85	8.76	15.17	5.24	-	1.53	35.60
17 – Radom	60.84	57.82	17.15	7.43	10.20	5.89	-	1.51	40.67
18 – Siedlce	60.98	59.76	13.94	6.45	11.94	6.49	-	1.42	45.82
19 – Warsaw I	79.75	27.49	42.05	18.19	4.75	7.51	-	0.00	14.56
20 – Warsaw II	70.56	40.89	28.61	13.09	8.60	6.63	-	2.19	12.28
21 – Opole	52.91	37.64	26.71	11.74	10.31	5.70	7.90	0.00	10.93
22 – Krosno	56.37	63.36	15.94	6.04	7.85	6.81	-	0.00	47.42
23 – Rzeszów	60.13	62.38	14.39	6.59	7.79	8.25	-	0.60	47.99
24 – Białystok	56.97	52.04	21.04	9.09	9.33	6.96	-	1.55	31.00
25 – Gdańsk	64.21	32.10	41.31	13.47	5.90	7.21	-	0.00	9.21
26 – Słupsk	62.79	36.43	35.85	12.47	7.94	7.30	-	0.00	0.58
27 – Bielsko-Biała I	64.91	46.76	27.20	11.48	7.13	7.42	-	0.00	19.56
28 – Częstochowa	61.22	44.28	22.63	15.59	8.68	6.07	-	2.75	21.65
29 – Katowice I	59.18	37.75	32.61	13.38	5.99	7.67	-	2.61	5.14
30 – Bielsko-Biała II	60.41	48.28	27.71	9.68	5.64	7.17	-	1.54	20.57
31 – Katowice II	64.00	39.19	37.20	11.92	4.37	7.33	-	0.00	1.99
32 – Katowice III	62.99	37.13	29.66	21.90	4.85	6.45	-	0.00	7.47
33 – Kielce	57.70	55.18	16.65	9.95	9.88	5.95	-	2.40	38.53
34 – Elbląg	52.71	40.86	28.43	11.64	10.89	5.66	-	2.52	12.43
35 – Olsztyn	54.32	38.82	26.46	13.84	13.19	6.97	-	0.71	12.36
36 – Kalisz	59.67	42.48	24.72	13.43	12.80	6.57	-	0.00	17.76
37 – Konin	59.08	47.29	20.48	15.04	9.81	6.74	-	0.64	26.81
38 – Piła	59.11	35.64	30.60	13.28	13.86	6.62	-	0.00	5.04
39 – Poznań	73.13	25.33	45.38	16.49	6.20	6.61	-	0.00	20.05
40 – Koszalin	55.46	36.83	32.31	15.44	9.43	5.98	-	0.00	4.52
41 – Szczecin	59.36	35.11	35.71	15.25	7.40	6.53	-	0.00	0.60
Poland	61.74	43.59	27.40	12.56	8.55	6.81	0.17	0.92	16.19

Senate

Results of the Senate election by single-mandate districts.

  Law and Justice (PiS)

  Civic Coalition (KO)

  Polish People's Party (PSL)

  The Left (Lewica)

  Independent

Cartogram showing the popular vote in each electoral district.

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Law and Justice	8,110,193	44.56	48	–13
	Civic Coalition	6,490,306	35.66	43	+9
	Polish Coalition	1,041,909	5.72	3	+2
	The Left	415,745	2.28	2	+2
	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists	331,385	1.82	0	New
	Confederation	144,124	0.79	0	0
	Polish Left	94,988	0.52	0	New
	Restore the Law	92,006	0.51	0	New
	Silesians Together	50,071	0.28	0	New
	German Minority Electoral Committee	49,138	0.27	0	0
	Kukiz'15 to the Senate	46,210	0.25	0	0
	Mirosław Piotrowski to the Senate	33,967	0.19	0	New
	Right Wing of the Republic	21,943	0.12	0	New
	Unity of the Nation	18,327	0.10	0	New
	National Revival of Poland	13,859	0.08	0	0
	Normal Country	13,687	0.08	0	New
	Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland	13,510	0.07	0	0
	Labour Party	11,532	0.06	0	0
	Slavic Union	8,469	0.05	0	0
	Independents	1,199,979	6.59	4	0
Total		18,201,348	100.00	100	0
Valid votes		18,201,348	97.45
Invalid/blank votes		476,582	2.55
Total votes		18,677,930	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		30,253,556	61.74
Source: National Electoral Commission

Popular vote (Senate) PiS   44.56% KO   35.66% PSL   5.72% SLD   2.28% BS   1.82% KWiN   0.79% Independent   1.03% Others   8.31%

Parliament seats (Senate) PiS   48.00% KO   43.00% PSL   3.00% SLD   2.00% Independent   4.00%

Polish Election Results (historical)

Notes

1. Result of Civic Platform and Modern
2. Result of United Left and Together
3. While a formal political alliance, participants stand for election on the Polish People's Party political party electoral committee lists. Other participants of the political alliance include Kukiz'15, Union of European Democrats, Alliance of Democrats and other associations
4. Officially registered as a political party, but is, in fact, a political alliance between KORWiN, National Movement, Confederation of Polish Crown, Union of Christian Families.
5. Result of PSL and Kukiz'15
6. Result of KORWiN party and God Bless You!, below the 5% threshold.
7. The German Minority Electoral Committee only stands in the Opole constituency and as an ethnic minority electoral committee, they are not required to reach the minimum thresholds to send members to the Sejm
8. Informally as the United Right with participants standing for election on the Law and Justice political party electoral committee lists. Other participants of the political alliance include Agreement, United Poland, Republican Party, "Piast" Party, and Free and Solidary
9. Mateusz Morawiecki was selected as the United Right candidate for Prime Minister of Poland
10. While a formal political alliance, participants stand for election on the Democratic Left Alliance political party electoral committee lists. Other participants of the political alliance include Spring, Together and Polish Socialist Party.
11. An official coalition electoral committee composed of Civic Platform, Modern, Polish Initiative, and the Greens with candidates from other parties (e.g. Silesian Autonomy Movement), independents, local government activists, and political associations. The threshold of 8% of the votes, therefore, applies.

Further reading

• Radoslaw Markowski (2020) Plurality support for democratic decay: the 2019 Polish parliamentary election, West European Politics.

References

1. https://www.tvn24.pl/tvn24-news-in-english,157,m/malgorzata-kidawa-blonska-is-civic-coalition-candidate-for-prime-minister,966541.html
2. "Poland celebrates record voter turnout since 1989 elections". TVN24. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
3. "Poland Ousts Government as Law & Justice Gains Historic Majority". Bloomberg. 25 October 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
4. "Poland elections: Conservatives secure decisive win". 25 October 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
5. "Poland's president signs media law despite EU concerns". Business Insider. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
6. "Polish media laws: Nationwide protests are staged - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
7. "Poseł Michał Szczerba wykluczony z obrad".
8. "Kryzys sejmowy (http://www.tvn24.pl)".
9. "Rok temu doszło do próby "puczu" w Polsce. Zapoczątkowało ją prowokacyjne wystąpienie posła Szczerby w Sejmie". wpolityce.pl. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
10. "Skruszona Schmidt o locie z Petru: żałuję, to mój błąd". fakt.pl. 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
11. "Dymisja Beaty Szydło przyjęta. Prezydent desygnował nowego premiera". TVN24.pl. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
12. Redakcja (2019-02-27). "Konfederacja KORWiN, Liroy, Braun, Narodowcy. Zaprezentowano nazwę i logo. Znamy szczegóły". Polska Times (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-21.
13. ""Łączy nas Polexit". Narodowcy i Korwin-Mikke łączą siły przed wyborami do PE". Do Rzeczy (in Polish). 2018-12-06. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
14. "Robert Biedroń zakłada partię Wiosna. Przedstawiono postulaty". rp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-13.
15. "Kaja Godek opuszcza Konfederację. Mówi o "marginalizowaniu pro-liferów"". Pch24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-13.
16. Bogdańska, Katarzyna (2019-06-08). "PO i Nowoczesna. Jest decyzja o wspólnym klubie". wiadomosci.wp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-13.
17. "Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej zmienił skrót z SLD na Lewica | Polska Agencja Prasowa SA". pap.pl. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
18. "Oficjalnie: PSL i Kukiz'15 wystartują wspólnie". rp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-13.
19. Álvarez-Rivera, Manuel (17 October 2015). "Election Resources on the Internet: Elections to the Polish Sejm, Part I". electionresources.org. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
20. http://www.sejm.gov.pl/english/sejm/pos.htm
21. Constitution of Poland, Article 98, p. 2.
22. Constitution of Poland, Article 98, p. 5.
23. "12 listopada odbędą się pierwsze posiedzenia Sejmu i Senatu nowych kadencji". TVP. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
24. "Poland votes: PiS and its pact with the people".

External links

• Polish Parliamentary Elections 2019 — National Electoral Commission / National Electoral Office (in English)