1952 Democratic National Convention

The 1952 Democratic National Convention was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois from July 21 to July 26, 1952, which was the same arena the Republicans had gathered in a few weeks earlier for their national convention from July 7 to July 11, 1952. Four major candidates sought the presidential nomination: U.S. Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee, Governor Adlai Stevenson II of Illinois, Senator Richard Russell of Georgia and Averell Harriman of New York.

1952 Democratic National Convention
1952 presidential election
Nominees
Stevenson and Sparkman
Convention
Date(s)July 21–26, 1952
CityChicago, Illinois
VenueInternational Amphitheatre
Candidates
Presidential nomineeAdlai Stevenson of Illinois
Vice presidential nomineeJohn Sparkman of Alabama
Adlai Stevenson attending the convention
Harry and Bess Truman attending the convention

Preparation

In 1952, the popularity of television was on the rise with 37% of American households owning televisions.[1] As such, both Republican and Democratic party leaders recognized the rising importance of television and the impact it would have on the political process. Presidential campaigns bought paid advertisements on television, and they placed much energy into the organization of their respective nominating conventions in Chicago during July 1952. This was good foresight, as the average American television set was tuned into 26 hours of convention coverage.[2] A commission was established by media representatives, chaired by Thomas Velotta of ABC, to work with party representatives to outline rules for the broadcast of their conventions that included guidelines for sponsorship of coverage. The commission also oversaw the outfitting of the International Amphitheater in Chicago for the live coast-to-coast broadcast of these conventions,[3] the first time this had ever been done as AT&T had completed the first coaxial cable spanning coast-to-coast in 1951 – a nearly $40,000,000 investment.[4]

The 1952 Republican National Convention had been held two weeks before the Democratic convention television, from July 7–11. During the Republican convention, cameras were restricted to the sides of the floor which did not allow for close, clear shots. The Democrats took note of what did and did not work at the Republican convention. They constructed a tower in the center of the floor for television cameras to capture better quality shots of the podium. Party officials closely monitored the camera angles during proceedings to exercise control over shots. Before the convention, party officials instructed delegates to conduct themselves professionally during the convention as the cameras were broadcasting their actions to millions. From the Democrat and Republican conventions of 1952 emerged the precedent of orchestrating American national party conventions as made-for-TV events.

Television coverage
Quincy Howe and John Daly conducting ABC's convention coverage in 1952

The 1952 Democratic convention was the second political convention to be televised live, coast-to-coast (following the Republican Convention weeks earlier).[5] Experiments in regionally broadcasting conventions took place during the Democratic and Republican conventions in 1948, however 1952 was the first year in which networks carried nationwide coverage of political conventions.[5] After carefully watching the Republican Convention, the Democratic Party made last-minute alterations to their convention held in the same venue to make its broadcast more appealing to television audiences.[5] They constructed a tower in the center of the convention hall to allow for a better camera shot of the podium, and they exercised more control over camera shots and the conduct of delegates in front of the cameras.[5]

By the time the Democrats and the Republicans would reconvene in 1956, television would be the dominant medium of popular news coverage. Conventions were shortened in length, with daytime sessions being largely eliminated and the amount of welcoming speeches and parliamentary organization speeches being decreased (such as seconding speeches for vice-presidential candidates, which were eliminated). Additionally, conventions were given overlying campaign themes, and their sessions were scheduled in order to maximize exposure to prime-time audience. To provide a more telegenic broadcast, convention halls were decked-out in banners and other decorations, and television cameras were positioned at more-flattering angles.[5]

Democratic platform

The Democrats favored a strong national defense, collective security against the Soviet Union, multilateral disarmament, repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, equal employment opportunities for minorities and public assistance for the aged, children, blind, and the disabled, expansion of the school lunch program, and continued efforts to fight racial discrimination.

Movement to draft Stevenson

Governor Stevenson, who stated that he was not a presidential candidate, was asked to give the welcoming address to the delegates. He proceeded to give a witty and stirring address that led his supporters to begin a renewed round of efforts to nominate him despite his protests. After meeting with Jacob Arvey, the boss of the Illinois delegation, Stevenson finally agreed to enter his name as a candidate for the nomination. The party bosses from other large Northern and Midwestern states quickly joined in support. Kefauver, a favorite in the primary race, led on the first ballot but had far fewer votes than necessary to win. Stevenson gradually gained strength until he was nominated on the third ballot. The convention then chose Senator John Sparkman of Alabama, a conservative and segregationist, as Stevenson's running mate. The Supreme Court would not decide Brown v. Board of Education for approximately another two years. Stevenson then delivered an eloquent acceptance speech in which he famously pledged to "talk sense to the American people."[6]

Democratic candidates

Presidential balloting

Kefauver had the most delegates after the first round, but then President Truman weighed into the battle in favor of Stevenson. He persuaded Harriman to drop out and endorse the Illinois governor, thereby pre-empting support for Kefauver and Russell, whom Truman opposed; the President believed that nominating a Southern candidate from a state where Jim Crow laws were in force would forfeit potential support for the Democratic party from African-American and Northern white voters.

Stevenson was nominated on the third ballot. This is the last nomination contest of either major U.S. political party as of 2021 to require more than one round of voting to nominate a presidential candidate.[7]

The following table from Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records.

Presidential Balloting
Ballot1st Before Shifts1st After Shifts2nd Before Shifts2nd After Shifts3rd Before Shifts3rd After ShiftsUnanimous
Estes Kefauver300.5340362361279.5275.5-
Adlai Stevenson248.5273329.5324.5613617.51,230
Richard Russell Jr.267.5268294294261.5261-
W. Averell Harriman126123.5121.5121.5---
Alben W. Barkley49.548.5818167.567.5-
Robert S. Kerr69655.55.5---
Paul A. Dever37.537.530.530.50.50.5-
G. Mennen Williams40.5------
Hubert Humphrey2626-----
J. William Fulbright2222-----
Brien McMahon16------
James E. Murray1212-----
Harry S. Truman6616---
Oscar R. Ewing443333-
Paul Douglas333333-
William O. Douglas0.50.5-----
Not Voting1.51.51.51.52.52.5-

Vice Presidential selection

Among those considered for the VP spot by Stevenson included:

After the delegates nominated Stevenson, the convention then turned to selecting a vice-president. The main candidates for this position were Kefauver, Russell, Barkley, Senator John Sparkman, and Senator A. S. Mike Monroney. After narrowing it down to Senator Sparkman and Senator Monroney, President Truman and a small group of political insiders chose Sparkman, a conservative and segregationist from Alabama, for the nomination. The convention largely complied and nominated Sparkman as Stevenson's running mate, though nominations were made for two other candidates for the Vice Presidency, Vice Chairwoman of the Democratic National Committee India Edwards of California, and District Judge Sarah T. Hughes of Texas. Both withdrew their names in favor of Sparkman. Stevenson then delivered an eloquent acceptance speech in which he famously pledged to "talk sense to the American people."

Election outcome

Adlai Stevenson and running mate John Sparkman lost the election to Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard M. Nixon on November 4, 1952. Despite the defeat, Stevenson was four years later again selected as the Democratic presidential nominee at the 1956 Democratic National Convention, with Kefauver as his running mate.

See also

References
  1. David, Paul; Goldman, Ralph; Bain, Richard (1964). The Politics of National Party Conventions. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
  2. David, Paul T.; Goldman, Ralph M.; Bain, Richard C. (1964). The Politics of National Party Conventions. New York, NY: Vintage Books.
  3. Thomson, Charles (1956). Television and Presidential Policies. Washington, D.C.: The Brooking Institution.
  4. Novotny, Patrick (2014). The Press in American Politics. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
  5. Jarvis, Sharon. "PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATING CONVENTIONS AND TELEVISION". www.museum.tv. Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  6. "Adlai Stevenson (1900-1965)". National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
  7. Bain, Richard C., and Parris, Judith H. (1973). Convention Decisions and Voting Records. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. pp. 286–292.
Preceded by
1948
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania		 Democratic National Conventions Succeeded by
1956
Chicago, Illinois
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