1259

Year 1259 (MCCLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century 13th century 14th century
Decades:	1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s
Years:	1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262

1259 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1259 MCCLIX
Ab urbe condita	2012
Armenian calendar	708 ԹՎ ՉԸ
Assyrian calendar	6009
Balinese saka calendar	1180–1181
Bengali calendar	666
Berber calendar	2209
English Regnal year	43 Hen. 3 – 44 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1803
Burmese calendar	621
Byzantine calendar	6767–6768
Chinese calendar	戊午年 (Earth Horse) 3955 or 3895     — to — 己未年 (Earth Goat) 3956 or 3896
Coptic calendar	975–976
Discordian calendar	2425
Ethiopian calendar	1251–1252
Hebrew calendar	5019–5020
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1315–1316
- Shaka Samvat	1180–1181
- Kali Yuga	4359–4360
Holocene calendar	11259
Igbo calendar	259–260
Iranian calendar	637–638
Islamic calendar	656–658
Japanese calendar	Shōka 3 / Shōgen 1 (正元元年)
Javanese calendar	1168–1169
Julian calendar	1259 MCCLIX
Korean calendar	3592
Minguo calendar	653 before ROC 民前653年
Nanakshahi calendar	−209
Thai solar calendar	1801–1802
Tibetan calendar	阳土马年 (male Earth-Horse) 1385 or 1004 or 232     — to — 阴土羊年 (female Earth-Goat) 1386 or 1005 or 233

Portion of a fresco of the Boyana Church, completed this year.

Events

Europe

• The Oxford Parliament, led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, leads to the acceptance by King Henry III of England of the Provisions of Oxford.[1][2]
• September – Battle of Pelagonia: The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.[3][4]
• December 4 – Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy), in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.[5]
• The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed (the church and its murals are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).[6]
• The German cities of Lübeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League.[7]
• Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania, and Poland.[8]
• Epirote–Nicaean conflict.[9]

Asia

• August 11 – While conducting a siege against the Song Dynasty city known as Fishing Town in the province of Chongqing, China, the Mongol Khagan, Möngke Khan, dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including succumbing to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, dysentery, and even a cholera epidemic. His death sparks a succession crisis in the Mongol Empire, while his brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai soon convene their own kuriltai to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four–year-long Toluid Civil War from 1260 to 1264. In the end, Ariq Böke surrenders to Kublai.[10][11]
• While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo writes in his Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou that the city of Qingzhou is manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased gunpowder bomb shells a month, dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time.[12]
• Lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is founded by King Mangrai.[13][14]
• The Goryeo Kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces.[15]
• The Chinese era Kaiqing begins and ends, in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.[16]
• The Japanese Shōka era ends, and the Shōgen era begins.[17][18]

Births

• February 25 – Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile (d. 1321)[19][20]
• March 25 – Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1332)[21]
• Pietro Cavallini, Italian painter (d. 1330)[22][23]
• Demetre II of Georgia (d. 1289)[24][25]
• Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (d. 1326)[26]

Deaths

• January – Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne, ruler of Boulogne, queen consort of Portugal (b. 1202)[27]
• February 7 – Thomas, Count of Flanders[28][29]
• May 29 – King Christopher I of Denmark (b. 1219)[30][31]
• July 21 – Gojong of Goryeo[32]
• August 11 – Möngke Khan of the Mongol Empire[10]
• October 7 – Ezzelino III da Romano, Italian ruler[33]
• November 18 – Adam Marsh, English scholar and theologian[34][35]
• date unknown – Matthew Paris, English chronicler[36]

References

1. Stubbs, William (2012) [1913]. Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First (in Latin). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 389. ISBN 9781108044936.
2. Brand, Paul (2003). Kings, Barons and Justices: The Making and Enforcement of Legislation in Thirteenth-Century England. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–5. ISBN 9781139439077.
3. David, Brewer (2011) [2010]. Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek. New York: I.B.Tauris. p. 17. ISBN 9780857730046.
4. Geanakoplos, Deno John (1984). Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 106. ISBN 9780226284606.
5. Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2001). Events that Changed the World Through the Sixteenth Century. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 52. ISBN 9780313290794.
6. Marani, Enrico; Heida, Ciska (2018). Head and Neck: Morphology, Models and Function. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 167. ISBN 9783319921051.
7. Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf (2015). "The Early Hansas". In Harreld, Donald J. (ed.). A Companion to the Hanseatic League. Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 56. ISBN 9789004284760.
8. Sedlar, Jean W. (2013) [1994]. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. p. 379. ISBN 9780295800646.
9. Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Volume I: ca. 3000 BCE - 1499 CE. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 283. ISBN 9781851096725.
10. Rossabi, Morris (2009). Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 9780520261327.
11. Kolbas, Judith (2013). The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu 1220–1309. New York and London: Routledge. p. 160. ISBN 9781136802898.
12. Andrade, Tonio (2016). The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9781400874446.
13. London, Ellen (2008). Thailand Condensed: 2,000 Years of History & Culture. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 32. ISBN 9789812619761.
14. Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2012) [1996]. Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Volume 5: Asia and Oceania. New York and London: Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 9781136639791.
15. Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013). Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 169. ISBN 9781133606512.
16. Mostern, Ruth (2011). "Dividing the Realm in Order to Govern": The Spatial Organization of the Song State (960-1276 CE). Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780674056022.
17. Griffis, William Elliot (2014). The Mikado's Empire. Cambridge Library Collection. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 613. ISBN 9781108080507.
18. Adolphson, Mikael S. (2000). The Gates of Power: Monks, Courtiers, and Warriors in Premodern Japan. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 398. ISBN 9780824823344.
19. Carvalho e Araújo, Alexandre Herculano de (1849). Historia de Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Casa de Viuva Bertrand e Flihos. p. 73.
20. de Pinho Leal, Augusto Soares de Azevedo Barbosa (1876). Portugal Antigo e Moderno: Diccionario Geographico, Estatistico, Chorographico, Heraldico, Archeologico, Historico, Biographico E Etymologico De Todas as Cidades, Villas E Freguezias De Portugal E De Grande Numero De Aldeias ... (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Mattos Moreira & Companhia. p. 221.
21. Russell, Eugenia (2013). Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica. London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney: Bloosmbury. p. 159. ISBN 9781441155849.
22. Crowe, Joseph Archer; Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista; Jameson, Anna (2014). Early Italian Painting. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Parkstone International. p. 118. ISBN 9781783103928.
23. Kurian, George Thomas (2015). A Quick Look at Christian History. Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 9780736953788.
24. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 260. ISBN 9781442241466.
25. Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994) [1988]. The Making of the Georgian Nation. Bloomington, IN and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780253209153.
26. Lacey, Gerry (1994). The Legacy of the de Lacy, Lacey, Lacy Family, 1066-1994. Midland, MI: Mashue Printing. p. 59.
27. Tanner, Heather J. (2019). Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100--1400: Moving Beyond the Exceptionalist Debate. The New Middle Ages. Columbus, OH and Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 304. ISBN 9783030013462.
28. Phillips, Lawrence Barnett (1871). The Dictionary of Biographical Reference: Containing One Hundred Thousand Names, Together with a Classed Index of the Biographical Literature of Europe and America. London: S. Low, Son, & Marston. pp. 903. 1259 thomas flanders.
29. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1843). The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Volume II. London: Longman, Brown. p. 385.
30. Dunham, Samuel Astley (1839). History of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. II. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans and John Taylor. p. 223.
31. Rosse, J. Willoughby (1877). An Index of Dates: Comprehending the Principal Facts in the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest to the Present Time. Volume I: A - J. London: G. Bell and Sons. p. 178.
32. Park, Sang-jin (2014). Under the Microscope: The Secrets of the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks. Translated by Kim, Ji-hyun Philippa. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. xii. ISBN 9781443867320.
33. McKitterick, Rosamond; Abulafia, David; Fouracre, Paul; Reuter, Timothy; Allmand, C. T.; Luscombe, David Edward; Jones, Michael; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume V: c. 1198 - c.1300. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 460. ISBN 9780521362894.
34. Power, Amanda (2017). "The Friars in Secular and Ecclesiastical Governance, 1224–c. 1259". In Robson, Michael J. P. (ed.). The English Province of the Franciscans (1224-c.1350). Leiden and Boston: BRILL. p. 36. ISBN 9789004331624.
35. Brown, Stephen F.; Flores, Juan Carlos (2018). Historical Dictionary of Medieval Philosophy and Theology. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 46. ISBN 9781538114315.
36. Jefferson, Melvin (2006). "The Conservation of Parker MSS 16 and 26 "The Chronica Majora"". In Fellows-Jensen, Gillian; Springborg, Peter (eds.). Care and Conservation of Manuscripts 9: Proceedings of the Ninth International Seminar Held at the University of Copenhagen 14th-15th April 2005. Copnehagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 69. ISBN 9788763505543.