Yorkshire dialect

The Yorkshire dialect (also known as Broad Yorkshire, Tyke, Yorkie or Yorkshire English) is a dialect spoken in the Yorkshire region of northern England.[1] The dialect has roots in Old English and is influenced by Old Norse. The Yorkshire Dialect Society exists to promote use of the dialect in both humour and in serious linguistics; there is also an East Riding Dialect Society.

Yorkshire Dialect
Native toEngland
RegionYorkshire
EthnicityEnglish
Early forms
DialectsYorkshire
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Location of Yorkshire within England
Coordinates: 53.991521°N 1.541523°W / 53.991521; -1.541523

Yorkshire is generally not as stigmatised as other regional dialects, and has been represented in classic works of literature such as Wuthering Heights, Nicholas Nickleby and The Secret Garden. Studies have shown that accents in the West Riding (that is, mostly, modern West and South Yorkshire) are well-liked among Britons and associated with common sense, loyalty, and reliability.[2][3]

Geographic distribution

Yorkshire dialect has been widely studied since the 19th century. One of the earliest works was by William Stott Banks in 1865 on the dialect of Wakefield.[5] Joseph Wright used an early form of phonetic notation in a description of the dialect of Windhill, near Bradford.[6] In the fragments of earlier dialect work, there seems to have been fewer distinctions across large areas: in the early 14th century, the traditional Northumbrian dialect of Yorkshire showed few differences with the dialect spoken at Aberdeen, now often considered a separate Scots language.[7][8]

Significant works that covered all of England include the works of Alexander John Ellis in the mid and late 19th Century, the English Dialect Dictionary around the turn of the 20th century and the Survey of English Dialects in the 1950s and 1960s.

Traditionally, there was not one dialect in Yorkshire but several. The Yorkshire Dialect Society draws a border roughly at the River Wharfe between two main zones. The area to the southwest of the river is more influenced by Mercian dialect whilst that to the northeast is more influenced by Northumbrian dialect. The distinction was first made by A. J. Ellis in On Early English Pronunciation.[notes 1] The division was approved of by Joseph Wright, the founder of the Yorkshire Dialect Society and the author of the English Dialect Dictionary. Investigations at village level by the dialect analysts Stead (1906), Sheard (1945) and Rohrer (1950) mapped a border between the two areas.[9] A rough border between the two areas was mapped by the Swiss linguist Fritz Rohrer, having undertaken village-based research in areas indicated by previous statements by Richard Stead and J.A. Sheard, although there were "buffer areas" in which a mixed dialect was used, such as a large area between Leeds and Ripon, and also at Whitgift, near Goole.[10]

Over time, speech has become closer to Standard English and some of the features that once distinguished one town from another have disappeared. In 1945, J. A. Sheard predicted that various influences "will probably result in the production of a standard West Riding dialect", and K. M. Petyt found in 1985 that "such a situation is at least very nearly in existence".[11] However, the accent of Hull and East Yorkshire remains markedly different. The accent of the Middlesbrough area has some similarities with Geordie.[12]

One anomalous case in the West Riding is Royston, which absorbed migrants from the Black Country at the end of the 19th century. The speech of Royston contrasts with that of nearby Barnsley, as it retains some Black Country features.[13][14]

Wilfred Pickles, a Yorkshireman born in Halifax, was selected by the BBC as an announcer for its North Regional radio service; he went on to be an occasional newsreader on the BBC Home Service during World War II. He was the first newsreader to speak in a regional accent rather than Received Pronunciation, "a deliberate attempt to make it more difficult for Nazis to impersonate BBC broadcasters",[15] and caused some comment with his farewell catchphrase "... and to all in the North, good neet".

Pronunciation

Some features of Yorkshire pronunciation are general features of northern English accents. Many of them are listed in the northern English accents section on the English English page.

Vowels
  • Words such as strut, cut, blood, lunch usually take [ʊ], although [ə] is a middle-class variant.[16]
  • Most words affected by the trap-bath split in South East England – the distinction between the sounds [a] and [ɑː] – are not affected in Yorkshire. The long [ɑː] of southern English is widely disliked in the "bath"-type words.[17] However, words such as palm, can't, spa are pronounced with a long vowel, usually more fronted [aː].
  • In parts of the West Riding, none, one, once, nothing, tongue, among(st) are pronounced with [ɒ] rather than [ʊ][18] A shibboleth for a traditional Huddersfield accent is the word love as [lɒv], pronounced to rhyme with "of".[19]
  • Words such as late, face, say, game are pronounced with a monophthong [eː] or [ɛː]. However, words with gh in the spelling (e.g. straight, weight), as well as exclamations and interjections such as hey and eh (the tag question), are usually pronounced with a diphthong [ɛɪ]. Some words with ake at the end may be pronounced with [ɛ], as in take to tek, make to mek and sake to sek (but not for bake or cake).[18][20]
  • Words with the Received Pronunciation vowel /əʊ/, as in goat, may have a monophthong [oː] or [ɔː].[18] In a recent trend, a fronted monophthong [ɵː] is common amongst young women, although this has been the norm for a long time in Hull (where it originates from).[20][21][22] It has developed only since 1990, yet it has now spread to Bradford.[23] In the West Riding, there may be a split whereby a diphthong [ɔʊ] coexists in other words, especially where it precedes /l/ or where there is a W at the end of a word (e.g. grow, low, yellow).[24] The O's in some specific words are pronounced alternatively as simply [ɔ], such as open, over, woke, and go.
  • If a close vowel precedes /l/, a schwa may be inserted. This gives [iəl] for /iːl/ and (less frequently) [uəl] for /uːl/.[25]
  • When /ɛ/ precedes /r/ in a stressed syllable, /ɛ/ can become [ə]. For example, very can be pronounced [vəɹɪ].[26]
  • In Hull, Middlesbrough, and other parts of the east coast, the sound in word, heard, nurse, etc. is pronounced in the same way as in square, dare. This is [ɛː].[27][28] The set of words with /ɪə/, such as near, fear, beard, etc., may have a similar pronunciation but remains distinctive as [eɛ].[29]
    • In other parts of Yorkshire, this sound is a short [ə]. This seems to have developed as an intermediate form between the older form [ɒ] (now very rare in these words) and the RP pronunciation [ə:].[30]
  • In Hull, Middlesbrough and much of the East Riding, the phoneme /aɪ/ (as in prize) may become a monophthong [aː] before a voiced consonant. For example, five becomes [faːv] (fahv), prize becomes [pʰɹaːz] (prahz). This does not occur before voiceless consonants, so "price" is [pʰɹaɪs].[31]
  • In some areas, especially in the southern half of Yorkshire, there is a tendency to pronounce the diphthong /aʊ/ (as in mouth) as a monophthong [aː] (mahth). This is characteristic of informal speech and may coexist with the more formal [aʊ].[32] In Hull, the offset of /aʊ/ is strongly labialised.[29] It occurs more in specific words – such as down, about, now, how, and out – than others.
    • In the northern half of Yorkshire, the local pronunciation of these words is [u:], but this is now less common than the RP [aʊ] in North Yorkshire.[33]
  • Words like city and many are pronounced with a final [ɛ~e] in the Sheffield area.[18]
  • What would be a schwa on the end of a word in other accents is realised as [ɛ] in Hull.[27]
  • A prefix to a word is more likely not to take a reduced vowel sound in comparison to the same prefix's vowel sound in other accents. For example, concern is [kʰɒnˈsɜːn] or [kʰɒnˈsɛːn], rather than [kʰənˈsɜːn].[34]
  • In some areas of the Yorkshire Dales (e.g. Dent, Sedburgh), the FLEECE vowel can be eɪ so that me is [meɪ] and green is [greɪn].[35]

The following features are recessive, and are generally less common amongst younger than older speakers in Yorkshire:

  • Long vowel [uː] in words such as book, cook, and look.[36] Whilst some speakers adhere to the long vowel sound, other speakers adhere to the short vowel sound so much it is overextended so that food is also said this way.
  • Where and there often become a diphthong [iə]. This sound may also be used in words with ea in the spelling: for example, head as [iəd] ('eead), leaves as [liəvz] (leeaves)[18]
  • [eɪ] may take the place of /iː/, especially in words such as key, meat, speak.[18][20]
  • Words such as door, floor, four may take a variety of diphthongal pronunciations [uə, oə, ɔə, ʊə].[32][37]
  • Words which once had a velar fricative in Old and Middle English may have [oʊ~ɔʊ] for /ɔː/ (e.g. brought, fought, thought).[18]
  • Some words that end -ight can still be heard in their dialectal forms. For example, night as [niːt] and right as [ɹiːt] or, in some areas, [ɹeɪt].[32] This can also be heard in Nova Scotia.

Consonants
  • In some areas, an originally voiced consonant followed by a voiceless one can be pronounced as voiceless. For example, Bradford may be pronounced as if it were Bratford, with [t] (although more likely with a glottal stop, [ʔ]) instead of the [d] employed in most English accents. Absolute is often pronounced as if it were apsolute, with a [p] in place of the [b].[38]
  • As with most dialects of English, final [ŋ] sound in, for example, hearing and eating are often reduced to [n]. However, [ŋɡ] can be heard in Sheffield.[39][40]
  • H-dropping is common in informal speech, especially amongst the working classes.[39]
  • Omission of final stops /d, t/ and fricatives /f, θ, ð/, especially in function words.[39] As in other dialects, with can be reduced to wi, especially before consonants.[41] Was is also often reduced to wa (pronounced roughly as "woh"), even when not in contracted negative form (see table below).
  • A glottal stop may also be used to replace /k/ (e.g. like becomes [laɪʔ]) at the end of a syllable.[42]
  • In the Middlesbrough area, glottal reinforcement occurs for /k, p, t/.[12]
  • In some areas, an alveolar tap [ɾ] (a 'tapped r') is used after a labial (pray, bright, frog), after a dental (three), and intervocalically (very, sorry, pair of shoes).[43]

Some consonant changes amongst the younger generation are typical of younger speakers across England, but are not part of the traditional dialect:[44]

  • Th-fronting so that [f, v] for /θ, ð/ (although Joseph Wright noted th-fronting in the Windhill area in 1892).[45]
  • T-glottalisation: a more traditional pronunciation is to realise /t/ as [r] in certain phrases, which leads to pronunciation spellings such as gerroff.
  • Possible [ʋ] for /r/.

The following are typical of the older generation:

  • In Sheffield, cases of initial "th" /ð/) become [d]. This pronunciation has led to Sheffielders being given the nickname "dee dahs" (the local forms of "thee" and "thou"/"tha").[46]
  • /ɡ, k/ realised as [d, t] before /l/). For example, clumsy becomes [tlʊmzɛ].[39][47]

Rhoticity

At the time of the Survey of English Dialects, most dialects in Yorkshire were non-rhotic, but full rhoticity could be found in Swaledale, Lonsdale, Ribblesdale, and the rural area west of Halifax and Huddersfield.[43] In addition, the dialects on the east coast of Yorkshire retained rhoticity when /r/ was in final position but not in pre-consonantal position.[43] A 1981 MA study found that rhoticity persisted in the towns of Hebden Bridge, Lumbutts and Todmorden in Upper Calderdale.[48]

Rhoticity seems to have been more widespread in Yorkshire in the late 19th and early 20th century: for example, the Wakefield dialect was marked as rhotic in the works of AJ Ellis and the recording of a prisoner of war from Wakefield in the Berliner Lautarchiv displayed rhotic speech, but Wakefield dialect now is firmly non-rhotic.[49]

Further information

These features can be found in the English Accents and Dialects collection on the British Library website. This website features samples of Yorkshire (and elsewhere in England) speech in wma format, with annotations on phonology with X-SAMPA phonetic transcriptions, lexis and grammar.

See also Wells (1982), section 4.4.

Vocabulary and grammar

A list of non-standard grammatical features of Yorkshire speech is shown below. In formal settings, these features are castigated and, as a result, their use is recessive. They are most common amongst older speakers and amongst the working classes.

  • Definite article reduction: shortening of the to a form without a vowel, often written t'. See this overview and a more detailed page on the Yorkshire Dialect website, and also Jones (2002). This is most likely to be a glottal stop [ʔ], although traditionally it was [t] or (in the areas that border Lancashire) [θ].[50]
  • Some dialect words persist, although most have fallen out of use. The use of owt and nowt, derived from Old English a wiht and ne wiht, mean anything and nothing, as well as summat to mean something. They are pronounced [aʊt] and [naʊt] in North Yorkshire, but as [ɔʊt] and [nɔʊt] in most of the rest of Yorkshire. Other examples of dialect still in use include flayed (sometimes flayt) (scared), laik (play), roar (cry), aye (yes), nay (emphatic "no"), and all (also), anyroad (anyway) and afore (before).[51]
  • When making a comparison such as greater than or lesser than, the word "nor" can be used in place of "than", e.g. better nor him.[52]
  • Nouns describing units of value, weight, distance, height and sometimes volumes of liquid have no plural marker. For example, ten pounds becomes ten pound; five miles becomes five-mile.[53]
  • The word us is often used in place of me or in the place of our (e.g. we should put us names on us property).[54] Us is invariably pronounced with a final [z] rather than an [s].[38]
  • Use of the singular second-person pronoun thou (often written tha) and thee. This is a T form in the T–V distinction, and is largely confined to male, mostly older speakers.[55]
  • Were can be used in place of was when connected to a singular pronoun.[56] The reverse – i.e. producing constructions such as we was and you was – is also heard in a few parts of Yorkshire (e.g. Doncaster).
  • While is often used in the sense of until (e.g. unless we go at a fair lick, we'll not be home while seven.) Stay here while it shuts might cause a non-local to think that they should stay there during its shutting, when the order really means that they should stay only until it shuts.[57] Joseph Wright wrote in the English Dialect Dictionary that this came from a shortening of the older word while-ever.[58]
  • The word self may become sen, e.g. yourself becomes thy sen, tha sen.[59]
  • Similar to other English dialects, using the word them to mean those is common, e.g. This used to be a pub back in them days.
  • The word right is used to mean very or really, e.g. If I'm honest, I'm not right bothered about it.
  • As in many non-standard dialects, double negatives are common, e.g. I was never scared of nobody.[60]
  • The relative pronoun may be what or as rather than that, e.g. other people what I've heard and He's a man as likes his drink. Alternatively there may be no relative pronoun, e.g. I've a sister lives there.[60]

Contracted negatives

In informal Yorkshire speech, negatives may be more contracted than in other varieties of English. These forms are shown in the table below. Although the final consonant is written as [t], this may be realised as [ʔ], especially when followed by a consonant.[61]

WordPrimary ContractionSecondary Contraction
isn'tɪzntɪnt
wasn'twɒzntwɒnt
doesn'tdʊzntdʊnt
didn'tdɪdntdɪnt
couldn'tkʊdntkʊnt
shouldn'tʃʊdntʃʊnt
wouldn'twʊdntwʊnt
oughtn'tɔːtntɔːnt
needn'tniːdntniːnt
mightn'tmaɪtntmaɪnt
mustn'tmʊsntmʊnt (uncommon)
hasn'thazntant
haven'thavntant

Hadn't does not become reduced to [ant]. This may be to avoid confusion with hasn't or haven't, which can both be realised as [ant].[62]

Scandinavian York

Scandinavian York (also referred to as Jórvík) or Danish/Norwegian York is a term used by historians for the south of Northumbria (modern day Yorkshire) during the period of the late 9th century and first half of the 10th century, when it was dominated by Norse warrior-kings; in particular, used to refer to York, the city controlled by these kings.

Norse monarchy controlled varying amounts of Northumbria from 875 to 954, however the area was invaded and conquered for short periods by England between 927 and 954 before eventually being annexed into England in 954.[63][64] It was closely associated with the much longer-lived Kingdom of Dublin throughout this period.

Yorkshire Dialect Society

The Yorkshire Dialect Society exists to promote and preserve use of this extensively studied and recorded dialect; there is also an East Riding Dialect Society.

The Yorkshire society is the oldest of the county dialect societies; it grew out of the committee of workers formed to collect material for the English Dialect Dictionary. The committee was formed in October 1894 at Joseph Wright's suggestion and the Yorkshire Dialect Society was founded in 1897. It publishes an annual volume of The Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society; the contents of this include studies of English dialects outside Yorkshire, e.g. the dialects of Northumberland, and Shakespeare's use of dialect.[65] It also publishes an annual Summer Bulletin of dialect poetry.

In the early 1930s, the society recorded gramophone records of dialect speakers from Baildon, Cleveland, Cowling, Driffield and Sheffield. The recording from Cowley was provided by Lord Snowden of Ickornshaw.[66]

Significant members have included Joseph Wright, Walter Skeat, Harold Orton, Stanley Ellis, K.M. Petyt, Graham Shorrocks and Clive Upton.

Although Joseph Wright was involved in the Society's foundation, the Society's annual Transactions published one of the first critiques of his work in 1977. Peter Anderson, then the editor of the Transactions, argued that Wright took much of his material for his work English Dialect Grammar without sufficient citation from the work of Alexander John Ellis, and that Wright did Ellis "a disservice" by criticising this same work.[67]

The director Ken Loach has set several of his films in South or West Yorkshire and has stated that he does not want actors to deviate from their natural accent.[68] The relevant films by Loach include Kes (Barnsley), Days of Hope (first episode in south of West Yorkshire), The Price of Coal (South Yorkshire and Wakefield), The Gamekeeper (Sheffield), Looks and Smiles (Sheffield) and The Navigators (South and West Yorkshire). Loach's films were used in a French dialectological analysis on changing speech patterns in South Yorkshire. Loach said in his contribution that the speech in his recently-released film The Navigators was less regionally-marked than in his early film Kes because of changing speech patterns in South Yorkshire, which the authors of the article interpreted as a move towards a more standard dialect of English.[69]

Dialect of the northern dales featured in the series All Creatures Great and Small.

A number of popular bands hail from Yorkshire and have distinctive Yorkshire accents. Singer-songwriter YUNGBLUD, originated from Doncaster, preserves a strong Yorkshire accent. Louis Tomlinson, who was a member of One Direction, is from Yorkshire and in his solo music you often hear his accent. Joe Elliott and Rick Savage, vocalist and bassist of Def Leppard; Alex Turner, vocalist of the Arctic Monkeys;[70] Jon McClure, of Reverend and The Makers;[71] Jon Windle, of Little Man Tate;[72] Jarvis Cocker, vocalist of Pulp;[73] and Joe Carnall, of Milburn[74] and Phil Oakey of The Human League are all known for their Sheffield accents, whilst The Cribs, who are from Netherton, sing in a Wakefield accent.[75] The Kaiser Chiefs originate in Leeds, as does the Brett Domino Trio, the musical project of comedian Rod J. Madin. Graham Fellows, in his persona as John Shuttleworth, uses his Sheffield accent, though his first public prominence was as cockney Jilted John. Toddla T, a DJ on BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra, has a strong Sheffield accent and often uses the phrase "big up thysen" (an adaptation into Yorkshire dialect of the slang term "big up yourself" which is most often used in the music and pop culture of the Jamaican diaspora). Similarly, grime crews such as Scumfam use a modern Sheffield accent, which still includes some dialect words.

Actor Sean Bean normally speaks with a Yorkshire accent in his acting roles, as does actor Matthew Lewis, famously known for playing Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter films.[76][77]

Wallace of Wallace and Gromit, voiced by Peter Sallis, has his accent from Holme Valley of West Yorkshire, despite the character living in nearby Lancashire. Sallis has said that creator Nick Park wanted a Lancashire accent, but Sallis could only manage to do a Yorkshire one.[78]

The late British Poet Laureate, Ted Hughes originated from Mytholmroyd, close to the border with Lancashire, and spent much of his childhood in Mexborough, South Yorkshire.[79] His own readings of his work were noted for his "flinty" or "granite" voice and "distinctive accent"[80][81] and some said that his Yorkshire accent affected the rhythm of his poetry.[82]

The soap opera Emmerdale, formerly Emmerdale Farm, was noted for use of Broad Yorkshire but the storylines involving numerous incomers have diluted the dialect until it is hardly heard.

In the ITV Edwardian/interwar period drama Downton Abbey, set at a fictional country estate in North Yorkshire between Thirsk and Ripon, many of the servants and nearly all of the local villagers have Yorkshire accents. BBC One series Happy Valley and Last Tango in Halifax, both from creator Sally Wainwright of Huddersfield, also heavily feature Yorkshire accents.[83][84][85]

In the HBO television series Game of Thrones, many of the characters from the North of Westeros speak with Yorkshire accents, matching the native dialect of Sean Bean, who plays Lord Eddard "Ned" Stark.

Several of the dwarves in the Peter Jackson film adaptation of The Hobbit, namely Thorin Oakenshield, Kíli and Fili, speak with Yorkshire accents.

The character of the Fat Controller in the Thomas and Friends TV series, as voiced by Michael Angelis, has a broad Yorkshire accent.

"On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at", a popular folk song, is sung in the Yorkshire dialect and accent and considered to be the unofficial anthem of Yorkshire.[86]

Actress Jodie Whittaker keeps her native Yorkshire accent in her role as the Thirteenth Doctor in Doctor Who.[87]

Books written in Yorkshire dialect

Notes
  1. Ellis also identified a third area around Craven, Ribblesdale, upper Wensleydale and Swaledale as part of his "West Northern" area (numbered Area 31), alongside almost all of Cumbria as well as north Lancashire and south Durham. In the tradition of the Yorkshire Dialect Society, this area is usually grouped with the North Riding dialect.

References
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  2. "Can I help you!". BBC Bradford and West Yorkshire. BBC. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2007.
  3. Yorkshire named top twang as Brummie brogue comes bottom | UK news | guardian.co.uk
  4. Recorded February 2012 from the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs
  5. Banks, William Stott (1865), A List of Provincial Words in Use at Wakefield in Yorkshire, WR Hall (Wakefield)
  6. Wright, Joseph (1892), A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill, Truebner & Co, London
  7. Warrack, Alexander (2000). The Scots dialect dictionary. New Lanark, Scotland : Waverley Books. p. 5. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  8. Skeat, Walter (1911). English dialects from the eighth century to the present day. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  9. The Yorkshire Dialect Border
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  11. Petyt (1985), p. 327.
  12. Joan C. Beal, An Introduction to Regional Englishes, Edinburgh University Press, 2010, pp. 95–99
  13. Where the Black Country meets Black Barnsley, Kate Burland, University of Sheffield
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  15. "Your Voice, Accentuate the positive". BBC. March 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  16. Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson (1999), pp. 74, 76.
  17. Petyt (1985), p. 286.
  18. Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson (1999), p. 74.
  19. Petyt (1985), pp. 94, 201.
  20. Williams & Kerswill (1999), p. 146.
  21. BBC – Voices – The Voices Recordings
  22. Williams & Kerswill (1999), p. 143.
  23. Watt & Tillotson (2001).
  24. Petyt (1985), pp. 124–132.
  25. Petyt (1985), pp. 217–218.
  26. Petyt (1985), p. 218.
  27. Williams & Kerswill (1999), p. 143, 146.
  28. Handbook of Varieties of English, p. 125, Walter de Gruyter, 2004
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  31. Williams & Kerswill (1999), p. 146, 156–159.
  32. Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson (1999), p. 75.
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  36. Petyt (1985), pp. 168–172.
  37. Petyt (1985), pp. 132–137.
  38. Petyt (1985), p. 205.
  39. Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson (1999), p. 76.
  40. See section on "Conservative Northernisms" in Our Changing Pronunciation by John C. Wells
  41. Petyt (1985), pp. 146–147.
  42. Petyt (1985), p. 147.
  43. Wells (1982), p. 368.
  44. Williams & Kerswill (1999), p. 159.
  45. Wright, Joseph (1892). A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill. London: Trübner & Co. p. 91.
  46. Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson (1999), p. 79.
  47. Petyt (1985), pp. 216–217.
  48. Patchett, J.H. (1981). "The Dialect of Upper Calderdale". Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society. XV (LXXXI): 24–37.
  49. Aveyard, Edward (2019). "Berliner Lautarchiv: the Wakefield Sample". Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society: 1–5.
  50. Petyt (1985), pp. 196–198.
  51. Petyt (1985), pp. 239–240.
  52. Petyt (1985), pp. 202–203.
  53. Petyt (1985), pp. 191–193.
  54. Petyt (1985), pp. 190–191, 233.
  55. Petyt (1985), pp. 373–379.
  56. Petyt (1985), pp. 193–194.
  57. Petyt (1985), p. 236.
  58. Wright, Joseph (1905). English Dialect Dictionary Volume 6: T-Z. London: Henry Frowde. p. 458.
  59. Petyt (1985), p. 231.
  60. Petyt (1985), p. 238.
  61. Petyt (1985), pp. 182–183.
  62. Petyt (1985), p. 183.
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  66. Back sleeve of the vinyl First o't'sort, 1978, Logo Records, LTRA 505 Mono
  67. Anderson, Peter M (1977). "A new light on Early English Pronunciation". Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society: 32–41.
  68. Dialect in Films: Examples of South Yorkshire. Grammatical and Lexical Features from Ken Loach Films, Dialectologica 3, page 6
  69. Dialect in Films: Examples of South Yorkshire. Grammatical and Lexical Features from Ken Loach Films, Dialectologica 3, page 19
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  71. McCudden, Louise (13 July 2009). "Reverend and the Makers, Koko, July 8th". In the news. www.inthenews.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
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Bibliography

Further reading
  • Alexander, Don (2001), Orreight mi ol', Sheffield: ALD, ISBN 1-901587-18-5
  • All Creatures Great and Small by James Herriot (film and TV series)
  • Dyer, Samuel (1891), Dialect of the West Riding of Yorkshire: a short history of Leeds and other towns, Brighouse: J. Hartley
  • Kellett, Arnold (1994), The Yorkshire Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore, Smith Settle, ISBN 1-85825-016-1
  • Maskill, Louise (2013), Yorkshire Dialect, Sheffield: Bradwell Books, ISBN 978-1-90267-465-0
  • Petyt, Keith M. (1970), Emily Bronte and the Haworth Dialect, Bradford: Yorkshire Dialect Society, ISBN 978-0-95017-100-5
  • Up and Down in the Dales, In the Heart of the Dales, Head Over Heels in the Dales, by Gervase Phinn
  • Tidholm, Hans (1979), The Dialect of Egton in North Yorkshire, SKULIMA Wiss. Versandbuchhandlung: Westhofen, Germany, ISBN 978-9-17502-035-8
  • Wakelin, Martyn F. (1977), English Dialects: An Introduction (Revised ed.), London: The Athlone Press
  • Wright, Joseph (1892), A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill, London: Truebner & Co

Several nineteenth century books are kept in specialist libraries.

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