Winter of 1962–63 in the United Kingdom

The winter of 1962–63, known as the Big Freeze of 1963, was one of the coldest winters (defined as the months of December, January and February) on record in the United Kingdom.[1] Temperatures plummeted and lakes and rivers began to freeze over.

Deep snow near Burrow-with-Burrow, Lancashire, England, January 1963

In the Central England Temperature (CET) record extending back to 1659, only the winters of 1683–84 and 1739–40 were colder than 1962–63.

The winter of 1962–63 remains the coldest since at least 1895 in all meteorological districts of the United Kingdom except Scotland North, where the two winters of 1978–79 and 2009–10 were colder.[2]

December 1962

The beginning of December was foggy and London suffered its last great smog before clean air legislation and the reduction in the use of coal fires had their full effect. A wintry outbreak brought snow to the country on 12–13 December. A cold easterly set in on 22 December as an anticyclone formed over Scandinavia, drawing cold continental winds from Russia. Throughout the Christmas period, the Scandinavian high collapsed, but a new high formed near Iceland, bringing northerly winds. Significant snowfall occurred as the air mass moved south, and parts of Southern England had heavy snow late on 26–27 December.[3] The cold air became firmly established.

29 and 30 December 1962

On 29 and 30 December 1962 a blizzard swept across South West England and Wales. Snow drifted to more than 20 feet (6.1 m) deep in places, driven by gale force easterly winds, blocking roads and railways. The snow stranded villagers and brought down power lines.[3] The near-freezing temperatures meant that the snow cover lasted for more than two months in some areas. Snow was 6 inches (150 mm) deep in Manchester city centre, 9 inches (230 mm) in Wythenshawe, and about 18 inches (460 mm) at Keele University in Staffordshire. By the end of the month, there were snow drifts 8 feet (2.4 m) deep in Kent and 15 feet (4.6 m) deep in the west.

January 1963
Snow in Lancashire, January 1963
The weight of snow and ice stretched the copper telephone wires until they reached the ground. East Dundry Lane, Somerset, January 1963

With an average temperature of −2.1 °C (28.2 °F),[4] January 1963 remains the coldest month since January 1814 in Central England,[b] although in Northern England,[5] Scotland[6] and Northern Ireland[7] February 1947 was colder, and December 2010 was colder in Northern Ireland. Much of England and Wales was covered in snow throughout the month.[3] Scotland experienced temperatures as low as −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F) at Achany in Sutherland on the 11th. Freezing fog was a hazard for most of the country.[8]

In January 1963, the sea froze for one mile (1.6 km) from shore at Herne Bay, Kent.[9][10] The sea froze inshore in many places, removing many British inland waterbirds' usual last resort of finding food in estuaries and shallow sea. The sea froze 4 miles (6 km) out to sea from Dunkirk.[3] The upper reaches of the River Thames froze over,[8][11] although it did not freeze in Central London, partly due to the hot effluent from two thermal power stations, Battersea and Bankside. The removal of the multi-arched London Bridge, which had obstructed the river's free flow, and the addition of the river embankments kept the river from freezing in London as it had in earlier times (see River Thames frost fairs).

On 20 January 283 workers had to be rescued by RAF helicopters from Fylingdales, where they had been snowbound for several days.[3][12] The ice was thick enough in some places that people were skating on it,[3] and on 22 January a car was driven across the frozen Thames at Oxford.[3][12] Icicles hung from many roof gutterings, some as long as 3 feet (0.9 m).

On 25 January there was a brief thaw that lasted three days.

February 1963

Snow continued to fall in February 1963, which was stormy with winds reaching Force 8 on the Beaufort scale (gale-force winds).

A 36-hour blizzard caused heavy drifting snow in most parts of the country. Drifts reached 20 feet (6.1 m) in some areas and gale-force winds reached up to 81 miles per hour (130 km/h). On the Isle of Man, wind speeds were recorded at 119 miles per hour (192 km/h).

March 1963

6 March was the first morning of the year without frost in Britain. Temperatures rose to 17 °C (62.6 °F) and the remaining snow disappeared.

Effect on sport

Sports were disrupted in the winter of 1962–63 in the UK. Football matches in the English and Scottish leagues suffered because of the severe effects of the winter weather.[1] Some matches in the 1962–63 FA Cup with tie scores were rescheduled 10 or more times.[13] Matches in the 5th and 6th rounds scheduled for 16 February and 9 March were played on 16 and 30 March. A board known as the Pools Panel was set up to adjudicate postponed matches to provide the football pool results.[13] From 8 December to 16 February, Bolton Wanderers played no competitive matches.[14] Both codes of rugby, union and league, suffered much the same fate.[15] The delays in 1962–63 occurred before under-soil heating became widespread at major venues. When the thaw arrived, a backlog of fixtures had to be hastily determined. The football league season was extended by four weeks from its original finishing date of 27 April. The final league fixtures (scheduled sports events) took place one day before the rescheduled FA Cup Final. Some lower-level competitions did not complete the season.

National Hunt horse racing was also affected by the weather. Ninety-four meetings were cancelled during the freeze. There was no racing in England between 23 December and 7 March, although a meeting at Ayr in Scotland occurred on 5 January.[16]

The cold of the winter of 1962–63 is referenced in Dream Academy's 1985 hit single "Life in a Northern Town". The lyrics include the phrase "In winter 1963 / It felt like the world would freeze / With John F. Kennedy and the Beatles".

The 2017 Christmas special and first episode of season seven of Call the Midwife were set during the winter of 1962–63. The cold was a factor in several of the drama's plot points.[17] Actress Jenny Agutter, who plays Sister Julienne, wrote an article in The Times about her memories of the 1962–63 winter to coincide with the Christmas special.[18]

Several episodes of the television drama series The Edgar Wallace Mysteries were filmed during the 1962–63 winter, and the effects of the Big Freeze on both urban and rural locations were captured on film.

See also

Notes

a The oldest instrumental climatic data for Scotland are from Edinburgh in 1764, and for Northern Ireland from Armagh in 1796.
b In the UK February 1947 was 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) colder than January 1963.

References
  1. "BBC London summary".
  2. Scotland North Mean Temperatures
  3. A BBC television programme made in 1963 and retransmitted on BBC2 at 5.30–6.30 pm on Saturday 19 January 2013
  4. Eden, Philip (1995). Weatherwise. Macmillan. p. 297, citing Gordon Manley’s Central England Temperature Series. ISBN 0-333-61610-3.
  5. England North mean temperatures
  6. Scotland Mean Temperatures
  7. Northern Ireland Mean Temperatures
  8. "Pathe news reel, January 1963".
  9. "Newsreel film clip of sea frozen at Herne Bay".
  10. "Frozen sea reported as damaging pier at Herne Bay".
  11. "photographs of Thames frozen at Windsor".
  12. Paul Simons, The Times, 26 January 2013, p 73
  13. "War, weather and working weeks: the previous times football has been halted in England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  14. http://www.footballsite.co.uk/Statistics/Articles/1962-63winter.htm football site: 1962/63 – a Winter of postponements
  15. "Rugby affected. Extraordinary measures for a single match". BBC News. 18 February 2003.
  16. Kettley, John (2009). Weatherman. Great Northern Books. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-905080-61-8.
  17. "Call the Midwife: the real history behind the Big Freeze of 1963". Radio Times. 2 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  18. Agutter, Jenny (23 December 2017). "Jenny Agutter remembers the Big Freeze that inspired Call the Midwife". The Times. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
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