Warith Deen Mohammed

Warith Deen Mohammed (born Wallace D. Muhammad; October 30, 1933 – September 9, 2008), also known as W. Deen Mohammed, Imam W. Deen Muhammad and Imam Warith Deen, was an African-American Muslim leader, theologian, philosopher, Muslim revivalist, and Islamic thinker (1975–2008) who disbanded the original Nation of Islam (NOI) in 1976 and transformed it into an ostensibly orthodox mainstream Islamic movement, the Bilalians (1975), World Community of Al-Islam in the West (1976-77), the American Muslim Mission (1978-85,)[1] which later became the American Society of Muslims.[2][3][4] He was a son of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam from 1933 to 1975.[5][6]

Warith Deen Mohammed
Leader of the Nation of Islam
In office February 26, 1975 – 1976
Leader of the American Society of Muslims
In office 1976 – August 31, 2003
Director of The Mosque Cares
In office 2003 – September 9, 2008
Succeeded by	Wallace D. Mohammed II
Personal details
Born	Wallace D. Mohammed October 30, 1933 Hamtramck, Michigan, United States
Died	September 9, 2008 (aged 74) Chicago, Illinois, United States
Resting place	Mount Glenwood Cemetery, Thornton, Illinois, United States
Nationality	American
Spouse(s)	Shirley Mohammed Khadijah Siddeeq
Children	8
Parents	Elijah Muhammad Clara Muhammad
Relatives	Jabir Herbert Muhammad (brother) Akbar Muhammad (brother)
Alma mater	Muhammad University of Islam
Occupation	Imam, Religious Reformer, Muslim Scholar, Businessman

He became the national leader (Supreme Minister) of the Nation of Islam in 1975 after his father's death.[7][8] He rejected the previous deification of Wallace Fard Muhammad, accepted whites as fellow-worshippers, forged closer ties with mainstream Muslim communities, and introduced the Five Pillars of Islam into his group's theology.[4][9]

Splinter groups resisting these changes formed after Elijah Muhammad's death, particularly under Louis Farrakhan, who in 1978 would revive the name Nation of Islam (from Final Call) for his organization. Farrakhan's NOI and the previous Final Call claim direct continuity from the pre-1975 NOI.[4][10]

Biography

Early life and education

Mohammed was born Wallace D. Muhammad on Yemans Street in Hamtramck, Michigan in 1933.[11][12] In 1992 he officially changed his name to Warithuddin Muhammad, Warith Deen Muhammad, which translates to 'Inheritor of the Religion of Muhammad'.[13] His parents were Clara and Elijah Muhammad, both highly active in the Nation of Islam (NOI), the organization that preached a form of Black nationalism and its own version of Islam.[14] From 1934 until his death in 1975, Elijah Muhammad led the Nation under the title, "the Messenger of Allah."[15]

Named to honor Wallace Fard Muhammad (Fard), the founder of the Nation of Islam, Mohammed grew up in Chicago, one of seven siblings.[16] His early education came from the Muhammad University of Islam school system now known as the Clara Muhammad Schools, or Muhammad Schools.[17] He studied Arabic as a youth under Professor Jamal Diab, a Palestinian who had been hired by his father to teach at the M.U.I. in Chicago.[18]

Mohammed became a minister under his father in late 1958 and served in Philadelphia during the late 1950s and early 1960s.[6][19][20] While serving as Philadelphia minister, W.D. Mohammed commenced extensive study of Ahmadiyya doctrines under Philadelphia based Ahmadi missionary Muhammad Abdullah.[21][22]

On Oct. 29,1961, Mohammed was arrested for failure to report to Elgin State Hospital. The following day, on his 28th birthday, Mohammed was transferred to Federal Correctional Institution, Sandstone to begin a term for having refused induction into the United States military.[23] He could have performed community service, but his father pressed him to accept the jail time.[6] He spent most of that time studying the Quran, the main Islamic holy book.[24] He became convinced that the Nation of Islam had to change. In 1963 he was released from prison and resumed studies under Muhammad Abdullah.[22][25][26] Close also to Malcolm X, who the NOI had expelled, he found that by this time his viewpoints deviated significantly from those of his father, whom he no longer believed to be a prophet.[6][27] Because of this conclusion, he was excommunicated different five times, yet by 1974, he was returned permanently to the NOI.[6]

Religious leadership and ministry

Reforming the Nation of Islam

Upon the death of his father on February 25, 1975, Mohammed was unanimously chosen as the leader of the Nation of Islam and introduced to the NOI membership as such at the annual Saviours' Day convention on February 26, 1975.[3][28][29] Among the first changes Mohammed instituted, he dropped the title Supreme Minister and took the titles Mujaddid, Chief Imam, or simply Imam, in 1976.[30][31][32] The same year, he unveiled a new flag for the NOI community.[33][34][35]

These were just two of the many reforms Mohammed introduced.[4] Among others, he eliminated the NOI dress code, disbanded the military branch of the NOI, clarified the concept of the devil, and, through his Muhammad Speaks newspaper and public speeches, introduced and explained Islam's Five Pillars.[6][29][36] He stated that Fard was not divine and that his father was not a prophet.[27] All of the over 400 temples were converted into traditional Islamic mosques. He also renamed the community several times before finally settling on the American Society of Muslims to reflect the new thinking.[26][37] Mohammed was frank about his intentions to evolve the movement. On November 19, 1978 he spoke on the "Evolution of the Nation of Islam" at the American Academy of Religion in New Orleans.[38]

Mohammed's changes reached deep into the philosophy of the movement his father had led for so long. He rejected literal interpretations of his father's theology and Black-separatist views and on the basis of his intensive independent study, history, and theology, he accepted whites as fellow worshipers.[39][40] However, he also encouraged African Americans (Bilalians) to separate themselves from their pasts, in 1976 calling upon them to change their surnames which were often given to their ancestors by slave masters.[41][42] He forged closer ties with mainstream Muslim communities, including Latinos.[43] He also decentralized power. On September 10, 1978 in an address in Atlanta he resigned as Chief Imam and appointed a six-member council to lead the Community.[44][45]

Mohammed felt quite keenly his role in reform. In an interview published in the Muhammad Speaks newspaper and conducted by his brother Jabir Herbert Muhammad, Mohammed described his role as successor to their father as that of a Mujeddid,[46] one who would watch over the new Islam or community.[47][48] In 1979 he used the title Mujeddid (Mujaddid) on his byline in his weekly articles for the Bilalian News (the new title of Muhammad Speaks).[49][50]

Warith Deen Mohammed gained widespread support among the international Muslim community, but his changes to the Nation of Islam were not universally accepted.[51] A number of dissident groups resisted, most notably those who followed Louis Farrakhan in breaking ranks with Mohammed. This group revived the name 'Nation of Islam' in 1977.[27][52] In 1995 Mohammed released a statement expressing concern about Farrakhan's motivations and the racial divisiveness of his ministry.[47][51] The pair embraced publicly and declared reconciliation at the annual Saviours' Day convention on February 25, 2000, but on August 10, 2007, Mohammed repeated his frustration with the separatist stance of the current Nation of Islam, stating that its leaders had, "for the last 10 years or more,...just been selling wolf tickets to the white race and having fun while they collect money and have fancy lifestyles."[53] He predicted a quiet evolution in the NOI towards unity with the mainstream American Muslim community.

Building ties within the Muslim community

Mohammed was intent on strengthening bonds between his movement and the wider American Muslim faith community as well as with followers of Islam abroad. It was his goal to align American Muslims with Sunni Islam.[16] In 1976, he took a delegation to Guyana on an official state visit to meet with Prime Minister L. Forbes Burnham, and the then President of Guyana Arthur Chung, during which he forged ties with the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in the region.[54][55] In 1985, he met in Geneva, Switzerland with Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Al-Sharif, Secretary General of the World Islamic Call Society of Libya and Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi, an Afghan mujahid, to discuss areas of future cooperation with the World Islamic Call Society and the Muslim Community of America.[56] He hosted Grand Mufti Abdullah Mukhtar, the leader of an estimated 60 million Muslims at Masjid Bilal, during his first visit to the United States in 1994.[57] In 1999, he was elected to the Islamic Society of North America's shura board.[58] That same year, during Ramadan, he pledged to work with the then Grand Mufti of Syria, Shaikh Ahmed Kuftaro an-Naqshbandi for the advancement of Al-Islam during a meeting with Kuftaro and Shaikh Nazim al-Haqqanian-Naqshbandi.[59][60] He was the special invited guest and keynote speaker at the "Inaugural Conference on the Growth and Development of Islam in America", held at Harvard University on March 3–4, 2000.[61]

Interfaith cooperation

Just as Mohammed sought to be racially inclusive, he also focused on cooperation between multiple faiths. On May 23, 1976, he conducted a massive interfaith Spiritual Life Jubilee with the Peoples Temple in Los Angeles, California[62] and spoke with Jim Jones on the subject "A New Heaven and a New Earth".[63] In 1977 he participated in a Muslim-Christian dialogue in Fort Worth, Texas with Dr. Jack Evans, then President of Southwestern Christian College in Terrell, Texas.[64] In February 1978, he gave a historic address before more than 1,000 Jews and Muslims at the Washington Hebrew Congregation in Washington, D.C., then under the leadership of Rabbi Joshua O. Haberman.[65]

This was a focus that would persist throughout his career. In 1993 he spoke at the Interfaith Roundtable National Conference of Christians, Jews and Muslims in Detroit, Michigan.[56] "If we look at the broad definition for Muslim, we have to say that even though a Christian may be worshipping Jesus the Christ Prophet more than he is worshipping Allah, he or she may be Muslim in their spirit. They may still be Muslim, though the orientation has now dominated their Muslim urge. The person carrying a heavy cross may be a Muslim inwardly. So it is for a Jew, or Communist, or a Buddhist, or a Hindu."[66] In March 1995 he gave the keynote address at the Muslim-Jewish Convocation in Glencoe, Illinois.[67] From October 1–6, 1996 he met with Pope John Paul II and Cardinal Francis Arinze at the Holy See in Rome.[68] On August 17, 1997 he was presented the Luminosa Award for Unity from the Focolare Movement.[69] On September 9, 1997 he addressed the Baltimore Jewish Council speaking on themes of worldwide justice and fairness.[70] On May 18–20, 1998, he attended the Conference on Religion and Peace sponsored by the Center for Christian, Jewish Understanding of Sacred Heart University in Auschwitz, Poland.[67] In June 1998 he addressed the Muslim Friends of the Focolare conference in Rome, Italy,[71] in October of the following year, along with a 92-member delegation, he spoke before a gathering of 100,000 people in the Vatican.[72][73] Pope John Paul II and the Dalai Lama were both in attendance.[74] On October 29, 2001, Mohammed participated in an "Evening of Religious Solidarity" joined by Minister Louis Farrakhan, Pastor Robert H. Schuller, and members of the Parliament of the World's Religions at the Islamic Foundation in Villa Park, Illinois.[75]

Political and social activities

Throughout his ministry, Mohammed remained politically active, domestically and internationally. Early meetings with prominent political figures included Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1975, Sharjah ruler Sheik Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi in 1976, and United States President Jimmy Carter in 1977.[37][76][77] But Mohammed would attend many events around the world focused on the advancement of Islam, racial unity and world peace.

He was the only American invited and the only American to attend the 10th Annual Islamic Conference of Ministers in May, 1979, in Fes, Morocco.[78][79] In April, 1988, he participated as the representative of Muslim Americans in the "Political and Religious Leaders Campaign for Planetary Survivor" in Oxford Town Hall. Later that year he was among 100 leaders in religion, government, business, law and philanthropy who gathered in Williamsburg, Virginia during the Williamsburg Charter Foundations "First Liberty Summit".[80] In 1995, he participated in the Forbes Forum on Management in Naples, Florida.[81] The following year, he participated in the "National Discussion on Race & Reconciliation" sponsored by the National Press Club in Washington, D.C.[82] In late 1997, he attended the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Teheran, Iran,[83] and he participated in The Religious Community and Moral Challenge of Poverty Round Table Discussion convened by former U. S. Senator Paul Simon in 1998 in Carbondale, Illinois.[84] During the month of November 1999 he attended consecutive World Peace Conferences. The first conference, Jubilenium Interfaith Conference for World Peace, was an invitation-only event held in Tiberias, Israel. The second was the 7th World Assembly of the World Conference on Religion and Peace, held in Amman, Jordan.[85]

He was a prominent political speaker. Mohammed gave the first invocation in the United States Senate ever by a Muslim in 1992[86] That same year, he became the first Muslim to deliver an address on the floor of the Georgia State Legislature.[86] In 1993, he gave an Islamic prayer during the first Inaugural Interfaith Prayer Service of President Bill Clinton, and again in 1997 at the second Interfaith Prayer Service.[87] In 1996 he was invited to Egypt by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak to address the Supreme Council of Affairs in Cairo on the theme "Islam and the Future of Dialogue between Civilizations".[71]

He sat on a number of councils and committees, domestically and abroad. In 1986, he was selected to serve on the World Supreme Council of Masajid (mosques) as one of only three representatives of the United States.[79] Also in 1995 he was selected as a President of the World Conference of Religions for Peace (WCRP) and addressed its governing board in Copenhagen, Denmark.[74][88] In January 1997, he was appointed to then President Bill Clinton's Religious Advisory Council.[71] In 2000, he was named to the Executive Committee of the Religious Alliance Against Pornography (RAAP).[89]

He made his opinions on political matters known. On July 4, 1976 he started the New World Patriotism Day celebrations which were conducted on Independence Day in major cities across America.[35][37][90] In 1984, Mohammed went against the mainstream African American political establishment and opposed Reverend Jesse Jackson's run for the Democratic nomination for president.[91] In 1985, to protest the Chicago probate court handling of an American Muslim Mission case, he organized a "Walk for Justice" that drew 500,000 participants.[92] On December 23, 1989 he spoke at the Annual Conference of the Islamic Committee for Palestine on the plight of the Palestinians.[93] In 1990, Mohammed supported and endorsed Neil Hartigan for Governor of Illinois.[94] He gave his support to the peacemaking and humanitarian efforts of Bishop Samuel Ruiz.[88] On September 10, 1990 he participated in the international conference on the "Current Situation in the Gulf", where he made his opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait a matter of public record.[95] He stated: "We consider President George Bush to be an honorable man. We commend his actions in ordering the surgical strikes on Iraqi military installations. These efforts to avoid excessive loss of human life are appreciated.”[96] On behalf of the Muslim American Community, he donated $85,000 to Nelson Mandela to aid his efforts to end apartheid in South Africa during a personal meeting in Oakland, California on June 30, 1990.[81] On September 11, 2001, he denounced the terrorist attacks as un-Islamic.[67]

Islamic beliefs and ideology

Fiqh

While emphasizing unity within the Muslim community, Warith Deen Mohammed called upon the American Muslim community to establish a new school of fiqh, a code of conduct for the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam.[97] He told Islamica magazine in 2008 that he felt that the madhhab—the schools of thought within fiqh—were geographically influenced and should be regionally developed, suggesting that "I think we are gradually getting a sense of madhabs in America, especially those like me. We are getting a sense of madhabs. And with the coming generation I think that we will be getting a much stronger sense of it. It is coming more and more."[98]

Imagery and color symbolism

Mohammed was sensitive to the potential impact caused by the use of images and symbols in religion. In a 1975 article, he explored this topic and in 1976 published the first article on the subject in the Bilalian News (later the Muslim Journal). Titled "A Message of Concern", this article has run in every copy of the publication since.[99][100] He spoke about the subject, as well. For instance, in a June 17, 1977 Friday service, he taught on "The meaning of colors in Scripture and the Natural Powers of Black and White", describing ancient scriptural symbolism and its effect on modern-day scriptural and religious interpretation. He also elaborated on how colors in scripture have triggered racist influences in religious societies.[37] In 1977 he formed the Committee for the Removal of All Images that Attempt to Portray the Divine (C.R.A.I.D.).[101][102][103]

Personal life

Warith Deen Mohammed's first wife was Shirley Mohammed, with whom he had four children.[20] By 1994, according to The Los Angeles Times, Mohammed had been married four times and had fathered eight children.[16] Mohammed married Khadija Siddeeq in 2004.[104] Mohammed's eldest child Laila Mohammed stated that Warith Deen practiced polygamy.[105] However this polygamy assertion is disputed within the community.[106]

Beyond his public role in religion and politics, Mohammed was involved in real estate, import clothing and skin care.[16] During his excommunications from the Nation of Islam in his 30s, he served as a laborer.[27] Imam Mohammed was also a businessman and endeavored to promote business among those that accepted to follow his leadership example.

Death

Mohammed died in Chicago in early September 2008 of a likely heart attack.[107] His body was found in his home by his assistant Rafa Muhammad on Tuesday September 9. In addition to cardiovascular disease, Mohammed suffered from diabetes.

According to the Final Call newspaper, "The Janazah prayer service was delayed for close to an hour so the huge crowd that had assembled could be organized and situated."[108] The Chicago Tribune wrote that 8,000 Muslims attended his funeral.[109] His funeral was held at the Islamic Foundation Masjid in Villa Park, Illinois. Imam W.D. Mohammed was buried at Mount Glenwood Memory Gardens (South) Glenwood, Cook County, Illinois.

Honors

On his 44th Birthday October 30, 1977, Mohammed received the Key to the City of Detroit, Michigan from the then Mayor of Detroit Coleman Young, along with a Proclamation declaring October 30, 1977 Wallace D. Muhammad Day in Detroit.[110]

Then Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton proclaimed March 26, 1983 "Economic Dignity Day" in the state of Arkansas. In doing so he stated the following: Whereas, through the leadership and efforts of Warith Deen Muhammad, the American Muslim Mission is on the path of economic progress and achieving growth through unity...(I) urge all citizens to engage in activities which promote economic progress.[111] On July 4, 1983 Muhammad shared the Reviewing Stand for the 1984 New World Patriotism Day Parade in Chicago with then State Senator, Emarald Jones, State Representative, Howard Brooks, parade Grand Marshal, Harold Washington the then Mayor of Chicago, and many other dignitaries. Mayor Harold Washington issued a proclamation declaring July 4, 1984 as New world Patriotism Day Coalition Parade Day in Chicago.[112]

In 1988, King Hassan II of Morocco, invited Mohammed to participate in the traditional devotions during Ramadan, stating: Through you Imam W. Deen Mohammed all the people in America are represented.[113]

In 1992, President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt honored Warith Deen Mohammed with "The Gold Medal of Recognition" for his religious work in the United States.[114] He received the Focolare Movement "Luminosa Award for Unity" in 1997.[115] On May 17, 1999, he received a Certificate of Appreciation from the United States Department of State.[116] In 2002, Ebony Magazine selected him as one of its "100 Most Influential Black Americans".[117]

On December 9, 1994 he received the Cup of Compassion from the Hartford Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut.[81]

On April 6, 2002, Mohammed was made a member of the Martin Luther King, Jr. International Board of Preachers at Morehouse College in Atlanta, and his portrait was hung in the International Chapel there.[89]

On Saturday, September 3, 2005, the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) presented an award to W. Deen Mohammed in recognition of his outstanding leadership role in the American Muslim community at The Mosque Cares sponsored Annual Islamic Convention.[118]

In eulogizing Mohammed on CNN blogs, the Executive Director of CAIR-Chicago, Ahmed Rehab, called him "America's Imam."[119]

Publications

Books authored

• The Teachings of W. D. Muhammad, Muhammad's Mosque #2, Chicago, 1976
• The Lectures of Emam W. D. Muhammad, Muhammad's Mosque #2, Chicago, 1976
• Book of Muslim Names, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad Mosque #2, Chicago, February 1976
• The Man and the Woman in Islam, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad Mosque #2, Chicago, February 1976
• As the Light Shineth from the East, W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 1980
• Prayer and Al-Islam, Muhammad Islamic Foundation, Chicago, 1982, Library of Congress Card Number: 82-61077
• Religion on the Line, W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 1983
• Imam W. Deen Muhammad speaks from Harlem, N.Y. Book 1, W. D. M. Publications, 1984
• Imam W. Deen Muhammad speaks from Harlem, N.Y.: Challenges That Face Man Today Book 2, 1985
• Meeting The Challenge: Halal Foods for Our Everyday Needs, The Honorable Elijah Muhammad Masjid, Chicago, 1986
• An African American Genesis, M.A.C.A. Publication Fund, Chicago, Illinois, 1986, Library of Congress Card Number: 86-63266
• Focus on Al-Islam: Interviews with Imam W. Deen Mohammed, Zakat Publications, Chicago, Dec. 1988, Library of Congress Card Number: 89-090728
• Al-Islam: Unity, and Leadership, The Sense Maker, Chicago, 1991, Library of Congress Card Number: 91-061449, ISBN 1-879698-00-5
• Worst Oppression Is False Worship "The Key Is Tauheed-Oneness of Allah," W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 1991
• Growth for a Model Community in America, W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 1995
• Islam's Climate for Business Success, The Sense Maker, Chicago, 1995, Library of Congress Card Number: 95-071105, ISBN 1-879698-01-3
• Mohammed Speaks, W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 1999
• Blessed Ramadan – The Fast of Ramadan
• Plans for a Better Future: Peace, Inclusion and International Brotherhood
• The Schemes Of Satan the Enemy of Man
• The Champion We Have In Common: The Dynamic African American Soul Books 1, 2, 3, & 4, The Mosque Cares Publications, August 2005
• A Time for Greater Communities Volumes 1-4
• Securing our Share of Freedom
• Prayer in al-Islam, A Learner's Guide w/Instructional CD, WDM Publications, Chicago, 2007
• Return to Innocence: Transitioning of the Nation of Islam, The Sense Maker, Chicago, 2007
• Life The Final Battlefield, W.D.M. Publications, Chicago, 2008

Pamphlets

• A Look At W. Deen Mohammed: Muslim American Spokesman for Human Salvation, A Ministry of W. Deen Mohammed Publication, Chicago, 1993

Video and audio presentations

• Imam W. Deen Mohammed: "Systems of Knowledge", Muslim News Magazine, recorded as a television special by MNM during the 1994 Islamic Convention in Washington, D.C. This classroom lecture was delivered in front of more than 200 Imams and scholars at the Renaissance Hotel. "Systems of Knowledge" is a classroom presentation on the essence of Quranic Arabic and its meaning to all mankind. This presentation marked the only time that Mohammed allowed cameras into one of his private Imam classes. RT: 60 minutes. 1994.

[120]

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External links

• Chicago Tribune Bio
• WDM Ministry
• WDM Publications
• Life and ministry of Imam W. Deen Mohammed remembered
• Brother Malcolm Speaks
• Wood, Daniel B (2002-02-14). "America's Black Muslims close a rift,". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
• Appearances on C-SPAN