Violence and controversies during the George Floyd protests

The majority of the George Floyd protests, a series of protests and unrest which began in Minneapolis, Minnesota in the United States on May 26, 2020, in response to the killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis Police Department officer Derek Chauvin, were peaceful; an estimated 93%–96.3% of demonstrations were peaceful and nondestructive, involving no injuries or no property damage.[3][4][5] However, police made arrests in about 5% of protest events (deploying chemical irritants in 2.5% of events); 3.7% of protest events were associated with property damage or vandalism (including damages by persons not involved in the actual demonstration); and protesters or bystanders were injured or killed in 1.6% of events.[4] Clashes and other forms of violence were at various times initiated by protestors, by counterprotestors, and by police,[4] and were usually driven by opportunistic criminals rather than organized extremist groups.[6]

Violence and controversies during the George Floyd protests
Part of the George Floyd protests
Date	May 26, 2020 – present
Location	United States (sporadic protests in other countries)
Deaths, injuries and arrests
Death(s)	19+[1]
Arrested	14,000+[2]

Local protests in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area quickly spread nationwide in more than 2,000 cities and towns, as well as over 60 countries internationally in support of the Black Lives Matter movement.[7] In Minneapolis, destruction of property began on May 26, 2020, with the protests involving vandalism and arson.[8][9] Demonstrations in many other cities also descended into riots and widespread looting.[10][11] There was significant police brutality against protesters and journalists.[12][13][14][15][16]

There have also been numerous reports and videos of aggressive police actions using physical force including "batons, tear gas, pepper spray and rubber bullets on protesters, bystanders and journalists, often without warning or seemingly unprovoked."[17] These incidents have provoked "growing concern that aggressive law enforcement tactics intended to impose order were instead inflaming tensions."[17] The police responded that such tactics are necessary to prevent vandalism and arson, and that police officers have been assaulted with rocks and water bottles.[17] Amnesty International issued a press release calling for the police to end excessive militarized responses to the protests.[18][19]

Iconoclasm and name changes

The Elk fountain in Portland, Oregon (top) was damaged and removed during protests in July 2020. It was replaced with a new sculpture (bottom) by activists.

The social unrest surrounding the protests resulted in reinvigorated efforts by activists and sympathetic institutions to physically relocate or remove controversial monuments and memorials across the world associated with colonialism and slavery, or otherwise deemed racially or culturally insensitive. Many monuments were simply vandalized by protesters as well. In the U.S., renaming and removal efforts mostly surrounded monuments, relics, and memorials to the Confederacy and historical figures often associated with racism, segregation, or slavery, such as Christopher Columbus, Thomas Jefferson, and Albert Pike. Outside of the U.S., monuments and symbols associated with European colonialism and the Atlantic slave trade were also vandalized or removed.[20]

Similarly, various organizations, institutions, and groups took to renaming buildings, streets, and brands due to public pressure or otherwise.

Events outside the United States

In Belgium

During a demonstration in Brussels on June 7, police officers were assaulted, and protesters broke the windows of several shops, which were subsequently looted.[21] 28 police officers were injured,[22] one of them seriously.[23] During and after the demonstration, 239 arrests were made, including 7 judiciary arrests.[24] The handling of the demonstration, which was tolerated but not authorized by burgomaster Philippe Close despite coronavirus lockdown measures, was criticized by various politicians.[25] Close announced that the city of Brussels would sue the "delinquents," and Belgian Prime Minister Sophie Wilmès, who supported the demonstration, expressed her regrets as to the way it unfolded.[26] Denis Ducarme, the minister in charge of self-employed workers, deplored the rampage and pillage of "numerous shops," and announced that he would ask the Prime Minister and the Minister of the Interior to explain why police were initially asked not to intervene.[27]

In Antwerp on the same day, between 100 and 150 demonstrators were arrested after refusing to leave a public square in compliance with social distancing measures.[28]

Scientists and health officials denounced the various demonstrations across the country, calling them dangerous for public health, with physical distance impossible to maintain. They also deplored the signal sent by the demonstrations to the Belgian people, who were asked to respect stringent limitations of their freedoms in order to slow the spread of the coronavirus pandemic.[29]

In Canada

May 31: In Montreal, Quebec, thousands attended a protest outside the Montreal police headquarters.[30] While the protests were largely peaceful, it eventually escalated into unrest, and police fired tear gas.[31] Several store windows were damaged, and some items were stolen. Eleven arrests were made, including one for assault.[32]

June 5: In Ottawa a few minor physical altercations between protesters and police occurred[33] during the No Peace Until Justice march, a protest and march in the city center, which was attended by Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau.[34][35]

July 4: In Winnipeg, Manitoba, following a Black and Indigenous Lives Matter rally, two women attacked protestors with hockey sticks.[36]

In France

June 2: In Paris, at the end of a large unauthorized demonstration that protested the deaths of George Floyd and Adama Traoré, rioters destroyed street furniture and set fire to construction equipment, and a large number of demonstrators attempted to block a boulevard. Police dispersed the crowd with tear gas and arrested 18 people.[37]

June 3: In Toulouse, where the community feared violence following the chaos during the demonstration in Paris, small groups of hooded individuals degrading street furniture and setting fire to trash cans were pursued by riot police, who used tear gas. A paint bucket was thrown at the town hall, smashing a window and damaging the parquet floor, leading the mayor to express his anger and declare that his office would file a complaint. According to an unnamed witness, a small group of demonstrators moved on the police while it was retreating at the end of the demonstration. In total, four arrests were made.[38]

June 6: In Metz, demonstrators attempted to force open the courthouse's doors, and threw a stone at the prosecutor of the Republic, lightly injuring his face. Four members of law enforcement were injured, and 13 protestors were arrested.[39]

June 30: In Paris, an American confederate flag was spotted at the window of a police station, leading to speculation that it was displayed in opposition to the protests and the Black Lives Matter movement. Analysis of Google Street View images proved that the flag was displayed in the same window in July 2014, although the flag was missing in images from subsequent years.[40]

In the United Kingdom

June 3: In the evening, following the demonstration at Hyde Park in Central London, clashes erupted as part of the protest group advanced further into Central London on their way to Parliament Square. Protesters climbed onto window sills on the walls of the HM Treasury building, spraying Black Lives Matter graffiti on the Treasury and surrounding buildings.[41] Thirteen people were arrested after physical altercations broke out outside the gates to Downing Street.[41] Temporary barriers and bottles were thrown over the gates, and groups of protesters attempted to breach them.[41] Objects including signs and a traffic cone were thrown at police.[41] The Downing Street gates are ordinarily guarded by armed police, although these officers did not take part in the clashes.

June 6: In Central London, protests outside Downing Street started peacefully but later turned violent after a group started throwing bottles and other objects at the police. Mounted police were eventually sent in to push the protesters back, one mounted officer fell from her horse after it ran into a traffic light. In all, 14 police officers were injured during the clashes, including two with serious injuries, and at least 14 protesters were arrested.[42][43]

June 7: In Central London, BLM protesters clashed with police near King Charles Street, forcing the deployment of the Met's public order unit to quell the violence. At least one policeman suffered an injury to his head.[44]

June 13: An official Black Lives Matter protest was cancelled in London due to concerns that it could be countered by far-right groups, after right-wing activist movement the Democratic Football Lads Alliance had called for people to travel to London to protect monuments.[45] Hundreds of counter-protesters, including members of far-right groups, gathered at several statue sites in London, and violently clashed with the police, leading to over a hundred arrests and the injury of at least six police officers.[46]

On the same day, in Newcastle, counter-protesters hurled smoke bombs, bottles, flares and fireworks at Black Lives Matter protesters and Northumbria Police officers resulting in 13 arrests and 5 Black Lives Matter protesters being hospitalised.[47]

Events within the United States

Deaths

According to Forbes, as of June 8, 2020, at least 19 people died during the protests.[1]

Name	Age	City	Date	Sources
Calvin Horton Jr.	43	Minneapolis, MN	May 27	[48][49]
Oscar Lee Stewart Jr.	30		May 28	[50]
Javar Harrell	21	Detroit, MI	May 29	[51][52]
David Patrick Underwood	55	Oakland, CA		[53][54]
Barry Perkins	29	St. Louis, MO	May 30	[55][56]
James Scurlock	22	Omaha, NE		[57][58]
Marvin Francois	50	Kansas City, MO	May 31	[59]
John Tiggs	32	Chicago, IL		[60]
Chris Beaty	38	Indianapolis, IN		[61]
Dorian Murrell	18		May 31/June 1
David McAtee	53	Louisville, KY	June 1	[62][63]
Italia Marie Kelly	22	Davenport, IA		[64]
Marquis M. Tousant	23			[65][66]
Jose Gutierrez	28	Cicero, IL		[67][68]
Victor Cazares Jr.	27
Jorge Gomez	25	Las Vegas, NV		[69]
—	20s	Philadelphia, PA	June 2	[70][71]
—	24			[72]
David Dorn	77	St. Louis, MO		[73][74]
Sean Monterrosa	22	Vallejo, CA		[75][76]
Robert Forbes	50	Bakersfield, CA	June 3	[77][78]
Horace Lorenzo Anderson jr.	19	Seattle, WA	June 20	[79][80]
Antonio Mays	16	Seattle, WA	June 29	[81][82]
Summer Taylor	24		July 4	[83]
Jessica Doty Whitaker	24	Indianapolis, IN	July 5	[84][85]
Garrett Foster	28	Austin, TX	July 25	[86][87]
Aaron “Jay” Danielson	40	Portland, OR	August 29	[88]

May

May 27: In Minneapolis, one mile (1.6 km) from the main protest site, Calvin Horton Jr. died after being shot at a pawn shop that was being looted.[48][49] The owner of the pawn shop was initially arrested in connection with incident, but he was later released without charges and the case remained open as of late June 2020.[89] Also on May 27, a man known as "Umbrella Man" dressed in black clothes and gas mask, carrying an umbrella and sledgehammer, was recorded on video breaking windows of an AutoZone store, spray painting graffiti, and encouraging looting. Some protesters confronted him and asked him to stop. Initial claims that the "Umbrella Man" was a Saint Paul police officer were debunked by surveillance video released by the Saint Paul Police Department.[90] Police later received an anonymous tip via email that the man may be a 32-year-old man with ties to white supremacist organizations, according to an affidavit obtained by the media. However, the suspect in question has not been charged and the identity of the "Umbrella Man" remains unconfirmed.[91]

May 28: In Minneapolis, on July 20, federal and state authorities recovered a body—which appeared to have suffered thermal injuries—at a pawn shop that was torched during protests a month prior. Max It Pawn, located several blocks east of the city's third precinct station and in an area of heavy rioting, was destroyed by fire on May 28. In June, a 25-year-old man from Rochester, Minnesota was federally charged with arson for the fire at the pawn shop. On October 20, the body was officially identified as that of 30 year old Oscar Lee Stewart Jr. Stewart died from thermal injury and inhalation of products of combustion. [50][92]

May 29

• In Downtown Detroit, a 21-year-old man was killed when his car was fired upon.[51][52] He was shot in the middle of police brutality demonstrations,[51] although police claimed the incident had no connection to the protests.[93]
• In Oakland, California, amid unrest, a Federal Protective Service officer, David Patrick Underwood, was fatally shot outside a federal courthouse in a drive-by attack that also wounded another guard.[53] Underwood had been providing security at the courthouse during a protest.[51] The Department of Homeland Security labeled the shooting an act of domestic terrorism.[94][54] Boogaloo movement member Steven Carrillo was charged with the murder on June 16. He was also implicated in the murder of a Santa Cruz County deputy. The white van allegedly used in the murder had "Boog" and "I became unreasonable" written in blood on the vehicle's hood. Investigators also found Boogaloo symbols including a ballistic vest with a US flag with an igloo instead of stars.[95]

May 30

• In St. Louis, Missouri, 29-year-old protester Barry Perkins died after being run over by a FedEx truck that was fleeing from looters.[55][56]
• In Omaha, Nebraska, 22-year-old protester James Scurlock was fatally shot outside of a bar.[57] The shooter was Jacob Gardner, the bar-owner, who had a scuffle with some protesters and fired several shots, one of which killed Scurlock; the altercation outside and shooting were caught on surveillance video.[57] Two days later, authorities announced that there would be no charges for the bar's owner and that he had opened fire in self-defense. However, after pushback, the matter was referred to a grand jury for review.[58]

May 31

Georgia National Guard protecting the state capitol building, May 31, 2020

• In Kansas City, Missouri, 50-year-old Marvin Francois was shot and killed by robbers while picking up one of his sons from a protest.[59]
• In Chicago, 32-year-old John Tiggs was fatally struck in the abdomen by shots fired inside a Metro by T-Mobile store while walking into the building to pay his bill during lootings in the city's South Side.[60]
• In Indianapolis, two people were fatally shot in the vicinity of protests or riots downtown.[51][74] One of them was 18-year-old Dorian Murrell, killed around 2:30am on June 1; a 29-year-old man turned himself in to the police, maintaining Murrell had pushed him down, and was subsequently charged with murder on June 2.[61][96] The other was 38-year-old Chris Beaty, a local business owner, who was shot shortly before midnight May 31.[61]

June 1

• In Louisville, local restaurateur David McAtee was killed as a Louisville Metro Police and Kentucky National Guard curfew patrol fired at him.[62] Authorities stated that the patrol returned gunfire after McAtee fired at them.[62] McAtee's gunshot occurred after the patrol appeared to fire a pepper ball into McAtee's restaurant, nearly striking his niece in the head.[62] According to McAtee's sister, the gathering was not a protest but rather a regularly scheduled social gathering at which McAtee served food from his barbecue restaurant.[97] An investigation of the killing is ongoing.[98][63] LMPD Chief Steve Conrad was fired later that day, as officers and troops involved in the shooting did not wear or failed to activate body cameras.[99] Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer admitted that the city had shown an "inability to apply [curfew] evenly."[62]
• In Davenport, Iowa, two people were fatally shot on a night with significant rioting.[64][65] One of the victims was 22-year-old Italia Marie Kelly, killed in an apparent random shooting as she was leaving a demonstration.[64] Another person, Marquis M. Tousant, was found dead at the scene of an ambush on an unmarked police truck that left a police officer wounded.[65][66]
• In Cicero, Illinois, two men were fatally shot in separate incidents following an "afternoon of unrest"; this was confirmed by Cicero Police.[100] Town spokesman Ray Hanania said the shots were fired by "outside agitators."[101] The two men were both described as bystanders and were identified as 28-year-old Jose Gutierrez and 27-year-old Victor Cazares Jr.[67][68]
• In Las Vegas, police shot and killed Jorge Gomez, who was walking among protesters and reportedly reached for his firearm when he was shot.[69]

June 2

Police and protesters in Philadelphia, June 2, 2020

• In Philadelphia, two deaths occurred during the fourth day of unrest. A man in his twenties was fatally shot by the owner of the gun shop Firing Line Inc., while trying to break into the store in the south section of the city.[70] Mayor Jim Kenney said he was "deeply troubled" by the killing and that he did not condone vigilantism.[71] In a separate incident, a 24-year-old man was severely injured after attempting to use an explosive device to destroy an ATM. He was rushed to a local hospital before being pronounced dead.[72]
• In St. Louis, 77-year-old retired police captain David Dorn was shot and killed by looters at a pawn shop.[73] The shooting was streamed on Facebook Live.[74]
• In Vallejo, California, Sean Monterrosa, a 22-year-old man, was shot and killed by police while on his knees. Monterrosa lifted his hands, which revealed a 15-inch hammer tucked in his pocket police said they mistook for a handgun. A police officer in a vehicle then fired on him five times through the windshield.[75] Monterrosa later died at a local hospital. The police were responding to a call over alleged looting at a Walgreens, according to police chief Shawny Williams. The day after his death police revealed that "there had been an 'officer-involved shooting'" at a press conference, yet declined to offer further details, including the name of the officer involved. The event reportedly sparked intense outrage in the Bay Area, particularly in Vallejo, which was identified as having a long history of police violence, excessive force complaints, and high-profile killings like the shooting of Willie McCoy.[76]

June 3–29

June 3: In Bakersfield, California, Robert Forbes, a 50-year-old man was killed after being struck by a vehicle while marching between California Avenue and Oak Street.[77] The incident was caught on video and distributed widely on social media.[77] Forbes was transported to Kern Medical Center, where he remained in critical condition for three days before dying.[77] Police deny that Forbes was hit intentionally, while others dispute this claim.[77] The police did not restrain the driver with handcuffs and allowed him to smoke a cigarette, which caused indignation on social media.[77] A candlelight vigil was held for Forbes on June 6.[78]

June 20: In Seattle, a 19-year-old man, Lorenzo Anderson, was killed and another person was hospitalized with life-threatening injuries after being fired on multiple times inside the city's Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone.[79] Police stated they were denied entry to the area to render aid; instead, Capitol Hill Organized Protest medics took the two victims to Harborview Medical Center.[80] A later investigation by KUOW showed that miscommunication between Seattle Police and Seattle Fire delayed city response to the victim.[102]

June 29: In Seattle, a 16-year-old boy was killed and a 14-year-old was critically injured in their Jeep Grand Cherokee after being shot in the Capitol Hill Organized Protest (CHOP) zone.[81][82][103]

July–August

July 4: In Seattle, 24-year-old Summer Taylor died after being hit by a vehicle while protesting on Interstate 5. A second person also hit was in critical condition. A suspect was taken into custody a few hours later after the incident.[83][104]

July 5: In Indianapolis, 24-year old Jessica Doty Whitaker was killed after she, her fiancé, and two other friends got into an argument with another group of people regarding the Black Lives Matter movement.[85] The argument between the two armed groups allegedly began when someone in Whitaker's group used a slang version of the "N-word." Whitaker responded to chants of "Black lives matter" by saying "all lives matter". Although her fiancé seemingly deescalated the situation, as the two groups were parting, Whitaker was shot and later died in the hospital.[84]

July 25: In Downtown Austin, 28-year old Garrett Foster was killed in a shooting at a Black Lives Matter protest. The incident happened around 9:52 p.m. near East Sixth Street and Congress Avenue, according to Austin-Travis County EMS. Police said initial reports indicate that Foster was carrying an AK-47 style rifle, and was pushing his fiancée's wheelchair moments before he was killed.[86][105] Witnesses on the ground reported a driver accelerating their vehicle into a crowd of people. The suspect then pulled out his own firearm and shot Foster.[106] Foster was then taken to the hospital where he was pronounced dead.[87] The driver accused of shooting Foster was brought in by police for questioning, and his handgun and car were secured for evidence. The driver was released pending further investigation.[106] Two memorials to Foster were built in downtown Austin within 24 hours of his death. On July 28, one of the memorials was defaced by an unidentified person.[107]

August 29: In Portland, Oregon, Aaron J. Danielson was shot in the chest and killed on the night of August 29, amidst protests and riots in the city. Danielson wore a hat with the insignia of Patriot Prayer, a far-right group based in Vancouver, Washington that has clashed with protesters in the past.[88] Michael Forest Reinoehl, responsible for the shooting, who was an anti-fascist activist and self-described supporter of antifa, writing "I am 100% ANTIFA all the way!" in an Instagram post in June,[108] said in an Associated Press video interview earlier in the summer that he had provided security for other protesters.[109][110] In a Vice News interview after the shooting and before being killed by the police in conflicting reports,[111] Reinohel clarified that "I am 100% anti-fascist. I'm not a member of Antifa. I'm not a member of anything", stating that he "had no choice" and acted in self-defense.[112][113]

Violence by police

Clockwise from top left: Flushing the eyes of a protester in Minneapolis with milk after exposure to tear gas on May 27; police aim riot control weapons during riots in St. Paul on May 28; tear gas deployed at the Colorado State Capitol on May 29; Miami protesters react to police firing chemical irritants on May 30

There have been numerous reports and videos of aggressive police actions using physical force including "batons, tear gas, pepper spray and rubber bullets on protesters, bystanders and journalists, often without warning or seemingly unprovoked."[17] These incidents have provoked "growing concern that aggressive law enforcement tactics intended to impose order were instead inflaming tensions."[17] The police responded that such tactics are necessary to prevent vandalism and arson, and that police officers themselves have been assaulted with thrown rocks and water bottles.[17] Amnesty International issued a press release calling for the police to end excessive militarized responses to the protests.[18][19] Police have been found "overwhelmingly responsible for attacking journalists."[114]

Several African American politicians, including State Senator Zellnor Myrie, U.S. Rep. Joyce Beatty, Columbus City Council President Shannon Hardin and Franklin County Commissioner Kevin Boyce were reportedly pepper sprayed by police. Chicago Police Board President Ghian Foreman was reportedly beaten with batons during a police clash with protesters.[115][116][117][118][119] A medical worker in Brooklyn, New York claimed to have been assaulted by police for no reason. In Asheville, North Carolina, a medic station was destroyed by police for unknown reasons.[120][121] A Washington, D.C. man was praised worldwide for sheltering, in his home, more than 70 protesters fleeing arrest for protesting peacefully in front of the White House on June 1, 2020.[122]

Lawyer T. Greg Doucette and mathematician Jason Miller have compiled a list of videos posted on Twitter showing police brutality, which as of June 6 contains 428 videos.[123][124][125]

May 30

External videos
Two NYPD vehicles driving into a crowd of protesters, @pgarapon on Twitter[126]
Grand Rapids police pepper spraying a protester and then firing a tear gas canister at their head on YouTube

On May 30, multiple incidents of police violence occurred during protests.[127]

Two New York City Police Department (NYPD) vehicles were recorded ramming into protesters surrounding and throwing objects at the vehicles;[128] New York City mayor Bill de Blasio defended the officers' actions and an investigation into the event was initiated.[129]

In Atlanta, two police officers broke the windows of a vehicle, pulled a woman out of the car and tasered a man.[130] After a video showing the incident came to light, the two police officers were fired for use of excessive force.[131] Arrest warrants were issued for four other officers involved.[132] One of the officers said in a police report that the actions were taken under the belief that either of the pair were armed,[132] a statement that an attorney for one of the victims called an attempt at character assassination.[130] One of the victims described the event as "the worst experience of my life"; the other wore a cast on his arm at a press conference.[132] On June 3, six Atlanta police officers, including the two officers in the window-breaking and dragging incident, were charged for using excessive force during an arrest.[132]

A woman participating in a protest in La Mesa, California was shot by the police with bean-bag round between her eyes, suffering serious injury.[133] At a protest in Grand Rapids, Michigan, a viral video showed Grand Rapids Police pepper spraying a protester and then immediately firing a tear gas canister into their head.[134] The Grand Rapids Police Department announced on June 2 that they would conduct an internal investigation of the incident.[134]

In Seattle, an officer placed his knee on the back of the neck of a looting suspect; after onlookers shouted for him to remove his knee from the man's neck his partner pulled it off.[17] The Seattle Office of Police Accountability received about 12,000 individual complaints regarding the police department's conduct during that weekend, including complaints about "[p]epper spraying a young girl," "[p]unching a person on the ground who was being arrested," "[p]lacing a knee on the neck area of two people who had been arrested," "[f]ailing to record law enforcement activity on body-worn video," and "[breaking] windows of a Target store."[135]

May 31

On May 31, 20-year-old African American Texas State University student Justin Howell was shot in the head with a less lethal bean bag round by an APD officer while protesting outside police headquarters in Austin, Texas. Chief of Police Brian Manley said they were aiming at another protester and shot Howell by mistake. Fellow protesters were instructed by police to carry the injured Howell toward them for medical aid, however, those protesters were then also fired upon by police. Howell was left in critical condition, with a fractured skull and brain damage.[136][137]

In Minneapolis, police cruisers were filmed spraying a chemical on crowds of protesters as they drove by.[138]

June

On June 1, President Donald Trump visited the historic St. John's Episcopal Church, whose basement had been damaged by fire during the protests the previous night, and posed for pictures in front of it holding up a Bible. To clear the route so that he could walk there, police and national guardsmen had used tear gas, rubber bullets, and flash grenades to clear a crowd of peaceful protesters from Lafayette Square, resulting in significant news coverage and denunciation by the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington.[139][140][141] In a press release the next day, United States Park Police said they had observed protesters throwing bricks and other dangerous projectiles, but journalists present claimed the protests were peaceful before police moved in.[142]

On June 4, police shot tear gas at an unarmed couple waiting at a traffic stop in Denver. When the man came out of the vehicle to confront the officers because his pregnant wife was in the vehicle, the officers ordered him to move along. He refused and the officers opened fire on him and the vehicle with pepper balls.[143]

Shoving incident (June 4–5)

In Buffalo, a 75-year-old man with a cane was left bleeding from the head after approaching police officers and being shoved by police, causing him to fall to the ground. A video of the encounter shows an officer leaning down to examine him, but another officer then pulls the first officer away. Several other officers are seen walking by the man, motionless on the ground, without checking on him.[144] Initially, a police press statement claimed that the man "tripped and fell" which led to further criticism. The victim, identified as Martin Gugino, remained in a serious condition by the end of the day. Two of the officers were suspended, as they yelled "move!" and "push him back!" against the victim, before they hit him.[145]

On June 5, all 57 officers of the Buffalo Police Department resigned from the department's Emergency Response Team, either in solidarity with the two officers who were suspended for this event, or because the union was no longer willing to provide legal support for the officers.[146][147] The two officers involved were charged with second-degree assault.[148]

Violence by protesters

Clockwise from top left: Police deploy munitions as protesters surround the third precinct station in Minneapolis on May 27; multiple buildings burn during riots in Minneapolis on May 29; a demonstrator jumps on the hood of a damaged police car in Seattle on May 30.; a police vehicle burns in Washington, D.C. on May 30

On the night of May 30, a video was posted online showed a man being assaulted by protesters in Dallas. According to Fox Business, the man appeared to defend a store, reportedly armed with a machete, and skirmished with rioters throwing rocks at him.[149] The man was injured, but taken to the hospital and considered to be in a stable condition.[150] Trump called the act of violence "terrible" and demanded arrests and "long term jail sentences" for protesters.[150] The protesters claimed they acted in self-defense, and that the video was edited to give a "false impression".[151] According to BlackSportsOnline.com, Charles C.A. Shoultz later claimed to be the man who was attacked by these protesters, saying he instigated the fight, explaining he was "trying to protect the bar he likes".[152][153] Dallas Police said the incident is part of an ongoing investigation.

On July 25, an individual drove a through a group of protesters blocking I-225 in Aurora, Colorado to demand action against the death of Elijah McClain. One individual fired a weapon in response, and at least one protester was struck, but is in stable condition. At least two other individuals were injured during the incident. Police have said the vehicle was soon towed and that they are looking into what happened.[154][155]

On July 25, a man was stabbed in downtown Portland, near the scene of recurring protests outside Portland's federal courthouse. The suspect was taken into custody on the same day.[156] According to The Oregonian, the victim was a vocal Black supporter of Trump who was videographing the protests and had been trailed by a group of people.[157]

Violence against journalists

U.S. Press Freedom Tracker recorded at least 49 arrests, 192 assaults (160 by police), and 42 incidents in which equipment was damaged during the protests.[158][159][160] In comparison, the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker documented between 100 and 150 such incidents per year for the past three years.[161] Many journalists described being intentionally targeted by police even after they identified themselves as press.[162] One journalism professor suggested that the unusual aggressiveness toward journalists might relate to Trump's repeated public attacks on the press as "enemies of the people"; in a May 31 tweet, Trump blamed the "lamestream media" for the protests and said that journalists are "truly bad people with a sick agenda."[162]

From police

External videos
CNN reporter Omar Jimenez and his filming crew arrested by police during a live television report, CNN
Officer fires pepper bullets at WAVE reporter in Louisville, MSNBC
Australian 7News reporter attacked by police on live television in Washington DC, 7 News

Journalists at several protests were injured and arrested by police while trying to cover the story, being shot by rubber bullets, or sprayed by tear gas.[163][164] As of May 31, Bellingcat had identified and documented at least 50 separate incidents where journalists were attacked by law enforcement officials during the protests.[165] According to Bellingcat, "law enforcement across multiple cities, but especially in Minneapolis, are knowingly and deliberately targeting journalists with less lethal munitions, arrests and other forms of violence."[165]

May 28

On the evening of May 28, officers fired pepper bullets at several employees of The Denver Post who were reporting on protests in Denver, Colorado. A photographer was struck twice by pepper bullets, sustaining injuries on his arm. The photographer believed it was not accidental, saying, "If it was one shot, I can say it was an accident. I'm very sure it was the same guy twice. I'm very sure he pointed at me." Another journalist said an officer shot at least one pepper bullet at her feet.[166]

May 29

Omar Jimenez, a CNN reporter, and his news crew were arrested while giving a live television report on May 29 in Minneapolis by the Minnesota State Patrol, and then released about an hour later.[167] After the incident took place, Minnesota Governor Tim Walz said that he deeply apologizes for what happened and would work to have the crew released, calling the event "unacceptable" and adding that there was "absolutely no reason something like this should happen."[167][168]

CNN called the arrests a "clear violation of their First Amendment rights" in a tweet posted the same day.[168] After the incident the Minnesota State Patrol tweeted that "In the course of clearing the streets and restoring order at Lake Street and Snelling Avenue, four people were arrested by State Patrol troopers, including three members of a CNN crew. The three were released once they were confirmed to be members of the media," however the CNN crew had already informed the troopers that they were members of the media before and during the arrest and carried the relevant paperwork and identification with them.[169][170] The Minneapolis Police Department falsely stated both while performing the arrest and via Twitter that his crew had not adequately responded when asked what they were doing.[171]

Linda Tirado, a freelance photo journalist, was hit in the eye with a rubber bullet or a pellet by the police in Minneapolis, and following surgery was left permanently blind in that eye.[172][173]

Also on May 29 in Louisville, Kentucky, an officer fired pepper bullets at a reporter from NBC affiliate WAVE who was reporting live on air for her station. The station manager issued a statement strongly condemning the incident, saying there was "no justification for police to wantonly open fire."[174] A 29-year-old mother of two was peacefully protesting in Sacramento when police shot her in the right eye with a rubber projectile; she was permanently blinded in one eye.[175]

May 30

On May 30, members of a Reuters crew were fired on with rubber bullets in Minneapolis shortly after a curfew they were reporting on began. One reporter was hit in the arm and neck while another was hit in the face, which deflected off his gas mask.[176] Also in Minneapolis, France 2's U.S. correspondent Agnès Varamian said her photojournalist, Fabien Fougère, was hurt by non-lethal bullets as she shouted "press" to the police.[177] Expressen's U.S. correspondent Nina Svanberg was also hit in the leg with rubber bullets.[178] Meanwhile Deutsche Welle journalist Stefan Simons and his team were shot at by police in Minneapolis.[179] In another incident that day, police also threatened to arrest Simons.[179]

May 31

Adolfo Guzman-Lopez, a reporter for Los Angeles NPR/PRI affiliate KPCC was hit in the throat with a rubber bullet, on May 31.[180][181] Ali Velshi and his MSNBC crew were hit with rubber bullets live on air in Minneapolis.[182] CBC News correspondent Susan Ormiston was also hit by rubber bullets during live coverage there. Michael George from the same network also reported his sound engineer being hit by a rubber bullet in the same city.[182] Sarah Belle, an independent journalist, was hit by a rubber bullet in Oakland.[182]

Los Angeles Times reporter Molly Hennessy-Fiske reported reporters and camera crews being at the receiving end of tear gas by Minnesota State Patrol, while the same happened to a KABC-TV news crew in Santa Monica.[182] Several Detroit Free Press journalists were pepper sprayed by the city's police, as was KSTP reporter Ryan Raiche along other journalists.[182] Michael Adams from Vice News also reported that happening to him and other journalists present.[182] HuffPost journalist Christopher Mathias was arrested in Brooklyn, as were independent journalist Simon Moya-Smith in Minneapolis, and CNN's Keith Boykin in New York.[182]

A BBC cameraman, Peter Murtaugh, was purposely attacked by police on May 31 outside the White House. Murtaugh filmed a line of police officers charging without warning, whereby a shield-wielding officer tackled Murtaugh to the ground. A fellow BBC journalist stated that the attack had occurred before a curfew was imposed.[183][184]

In Minneapolis, for the second day in a row, police shot at Deutsche Welle journalist Stefan Simons and his crew.[179]

June

During a live television broadcast for the Seven Network covering protests near the White House on June 1, Australian journalist Amelia Brace and cameraman Tim Myers were assaulted by a charging United States Park Police line as the area was cleared for Trump to visit St. John's Church.[185][186] Brace was clubbed with a police baton while Myers was hit in the chest by a riot shield and then punched.[187] Brace said she and Myers were also shot by rubber bullets.[186] Brace said at the time, "You heard us yelling there that we were media but they don't care, they are being indiscriminate at the moment."[186] In response, the Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced Australia would launch an investigation into the incident.[188][189] White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany defended the actions of the police and said they had "a right to defend themselves."[185] Park Police acting Chief Gregory Monahan announced that two officers involved had been assigned to administrative duties while an investigation took place.[190]

On June 2, the Manhattan District Attorney's Office announced that they would be investigating the alleged assault of a Wall Street Journal reporter, that took place on May 31, by members of the New York Police Department.[191]

From protesters

In Atlanta on May 29, the CNN Center which also houses a police precinct of the Atlanta Police Department[192] was attacked and damaged by protesters.[193][177]

In the District of Columbia on May 30, a Fox News crew was attacked outside the White House by a group of protesters while reporting on the scene.[194] The crew was chased for several hundred meters until the police intervened.[177]

Criminal activity

Clockwise from top left: A burned-down AutoZone in Minneapolis on May 28; smoke from burning businesses in South Minneapolis on May 28; a vandalized hotel in Washington, D.C. on May 30; damaged stores on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles on May 31

May 29

In Oakland, California on May 29, two Federal Protective Service officers were shot while patrolling the Ronald V. Dellums Federal Building as protests occurred several blocks away. Officer David Patrick Underwood died from the gunfire.[195][196] Steven Carrillo, an active-duty U.S. Air Force sergeant, was charged with Underwood's murder, as well shooting two Santa Cruz County deputies on June 6, killing Sgt. Damon Gutzwiller. Carillo and his accomplice, Robert A. Justus Jr., both have ties to the far-right boogaloo movement. The FBI stated, "Carrillo elected to travel to Oakland to conduct this murder and take advantage of a time when this nation was mourning the death of George Floyd. There is no evidence that these men had any intention to join the demonstration in Oakland. They came to Oakland to kill cops."[197]

May 30

In Philadelphia, a bike officer was run over by a group of looters in a car. He suffered broken bones and is recovering in Jefferson Hospital.[198][199][200]

In Atlanta, around 10:30 p.m., APD officer Maximilian Brewer was struck by an ATV.[201] He was taken to the intensive care unit at Grady Hospital. The driver was identified as 42-year-old Avery Goggans.[201] Three Denver, CO police officers were hospitalized after being struck by a vehicle during late night protests on May 30. Driver Anthony Knapp was taken into custody in relation to the incident.[202][203]

May 31

In Tulsa, Oklahoma protesters were demonstrating on I-244 while blocking traffic. In videos posted to social media, a red truck pulling a horse trailer can be seen attempting to continue along the interstate but being stopped by the protesters while the car ahead of it was allowed through. The truck attempted to follow the other vehicle causing some protesters to attempt to stop the truck and others attempted to disperse the crowd in front of it. Some protesters were injured when the truck drove through the crowd,[204] and one protester was paralyzed after being pushed off the interstate during the chaos.[205]

June

In Buffalo, New York, a car rammed a police line near where protesters had gathered on June 1. Two officers were seriously injured and subsequently hospitalized, with three people being arrested.[206] 30-year-old Deyanna Davis was arrested.[207] In St. Louis, a Missouri State Trooper responding to a riot was struck by a bullet that lodged in his helmet's face-shield. The Missouri State Highway Patrol (MSHP) shared images of a bullet hole in the shield Tuesday, saying the trooper “narrowly averted serious injury.”[208]

In Las Vegas, Nevada, police officer Shay Mikalonis was hospitalized in critical condition after being shot by Edgar Samaniego, while Mikalonis and other officers were arresting protesters near Circus Circus Hotel and Casino.[209][210]

In New York City, in the early hours of June 2, two NYPD officers were struck in two separate hit-and-run incidents while responding to looting.[211][212][213]

In Albuquerque, New Mexico on June 15, Steven Ray Baca shot one of a group of protesters attempting to remove a statue of Juan de Oñate at the Albuquerque Museum of Art and History. Video shows protesters attempting to pull down the statue with a chain or rope and a pickaxe and Baca shoving a female protester to the ground while trying to protect the memorial. Baca was then aggressively pursued by enraged protesters before being tackled. Protester Scott Williams struck Baca with a long board before Baca fired several shots with at least one striking Williams in the torso.[214][215]

Deployment of federal forces

A U.S. Customs and Border Protection agent in a cloud of tear gas during violent protests in Portland, Oregon, July 25, 2020

In response to rioting, looting, and the targeting of federal buildings and public monuments by protesters during the height of the unrest, the Trump administration deployed federal law enforcement details to select cities with the stated purpose of protecting "monuments, memorials and statues" and federal property.[216] The deployments drew controversy and outrage when protesters in Portland, Oregon began to be detained by unidentified federal agents in unmarked vehicles, often not on or near federal property; the federal agent activity only increased the size of the protests.[217]

In September 2020, the Trump administration began efforts to revoke federal funding to Portland, Oregon, Seattle, New York City, Washington, D.C. and other cities deemed by Trump as "anarchist jurisdictions", accusing the local governments of allowing themselves to "deteriorate into lawless zones".[218]

Allegations of foreign involvement

There have been allegations of foreign influence stoking the unrest online, with the role of outside powers being additive rather than decisive as of May 31.[219] The founder and CEO of Graphika, which helped the U.S. Senate form its report on Russian social media influence during the 2016 elections, noted "very active engagement" from account clusters from Russia, Iran, and China, and as of May 31 noted that his team was launching an investigation on the matter of possible foreign influence.[219] However, on June 3, 2020, Graphika released a report concluding that "State-controlled media outlets and official public diplomacy accounts in China, Iran, and Russia are focusing on the anti-racism protests in the United States, but they are primarily doing so in a way that furthers their existing narratives, rather than stoking American divisions,"[220] adding that "there is no evidence as yet to suggest a large-scale, covert interference campaign".[221] Several analysts have said that there was a lack of evidence for foreign meddling – whether to spread disinformation or sow divisiveness – but suggest that the messaging and coverage from these countries has more so to do with global politics.[222]

On May 30, Republican Senator Marco Rubio, the current acting Senate Intelligence Committee chairman, asserted "very heavy" social media activity linked to "at least three foreign adversaries," noting that while they "didn't create these divisions," they are "actively stoking and promoting violence".[223] On May 31, after being asked about Rubio's comments, the National Security Advisor Robert C. O'Brien said that there may be Russian activists who are exploiting the situation, but also, in reference to Chinese officials posting on social media, that the difference is that "... it's open. It's coming straight from the government."[224][225]

The former National Security Advisor Susan Rice, acknowledging that she had no evidence,[226] stated that the violence that was emerging was "right out of the Russian playbook".[226][227] The claim drew angry responses from Russian officials, including Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova who said that Rice is trying to blame Russia again for the United States' own domestic problems instead of facing her own people.[227] Pro-western commentators have also criticized Rice for blaming domestic problems on foreign machinations.[226] On June 9, the Russian Presidential Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov said "We consider it to be a domestic affair of the United States and we don’t want to interfere," adding that "When we first saw the outbreaks of those riots in the U.S. the first thing we heard is one of the voices saying ‘well, probably, Russia is staying behind those riots’. It's very hard for us to understand these comments and the reason for them."[228]

Nathaniel Gleicher, head of security policy at Facebook, stated that they found no evidence of foreign interference on their site, even though its security teams were actively searching for signs of it.[229][230]

In a virtual press conference on June 4, Mayor of Miami-Dade Carlos A. Giménez and the head of the County Police Freddy Ramírez announced that the FBI has taken over work on the question of foreign financing of the protests, as it is a federal, not state, matter. The FBI announced on June 3 that it had arrested in Miami and elsewhere groups of Venezuelans, Haitians (from "Little Haiti"), Cubans, and Hondurans who were being paid to cause violence at demonstrations. Those arrested admitted they had been hired by unidentified "activists", who even provided funds for transportation to the demonstrations. Two carried large quantities of cash; the FBI is trying to determine the origin of the money, and "Cuban and Venezuelan intelligence agencies" is a possibility they are investigating. The presence of the [Bolivian] "Che Guevara Brigade" was noted. Those arrested allegedly included a Sandinista from Nicaragua, Venezuelan supporters of President Hugo Chávez (who died in 2013), and a supporter of revolution in Bolivia.[231][232]

Mick Mulroy, a former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense and a retired CIA senior official stated in the Washington Post that, "Foreign intelligence services, especially the Russians, often use domestic unrest in the United States to their advantage by exaggerating that unrest through social media and influence operations. The operations often take advantage of legitimate protests, hijacking them by advocating destructive acts such as the burning and destruction of property that reduce the American people's confidence in their own government. If there is evidence that any other countries are doing this, he said, there needs to be direct and real consequences for them."[233]

Reports of extremist activities in the United States

National Guard deployed in multiple states during the height of the unrest.
Clockwise from top left: Georgia National Guard form a shield wall in Atlanta's Centennial Olympic Park while enforcing curfew on June 1; a guardsman directs his soldiers during protests in Atlanta on June 1; SWAT units impose a curfew across Charleston County, South Carolina, on May 31; Pennsylvania National Guard in Philadelphia on June 6

There have been accusations of various extremist groups using the cover of the protests to foment general unrest in the United States. There are claims that groups are placing bricks and other materials nearby areas of unrest to escalate protester action, although it has also been suggested by some that these were deliberately left unattended by police.[234]

Far-left and anarchist involvement

President Trump, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray,[235] New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio,[236] United States Attorney General William Barr, Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms,[237] Seattle Police Guild President Mike Solan,[238] and Huntsville Police Chief Mark McMurray[239] blamed "anarchists" and "far-left extremist" groups, including "Antifa", for inciting and organizing violent riots.[240][241][242] According to a Justice Department spokesperson, Barr came to this conclusion after being provided with information from state and local law enforcement agencies.[243]

Antifa and anarchists

On May 31, Trump announced that he planned to designate "Antifa" as a terrorist organization. Some government and non-government officials argued that antifa could not be designated a terrorist group due to the idea that it is "not an organization" and that designating domestic terrorist groups is prohibited by the First Amendment and federal law restricting the designation of terrorist organizations to foreign entities due to concerns pertaining to the First Amendment's speech and assembly rights.[244]

During a press conference, Pittsburgh Police Chief Scott Schubert said he was "willing to bet his check" that "there's a lot of people who are anarchists" who cause "damage and injury". He added that "[i]t's just a damn shame that they took advantage of the situation, for something [that] happened in another state where somebody died who shouldn't have died, and they hijacked that message for their own".[245] In Pittsburgh, a man was arrested for allegedly starting riots over the weekend that ended in violence. The police chief said that "'anarchists' likely hijacked peaceful protests downtown".[246] Deputy Commissioner for Intelligence and Counterterrorism of the NYPD John Miller said there is a high level of confidence within the department that unnamed "anarchist groups" had planned to commit vandalism and violence in advance.[247] On June 4, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray stated in a press release[248] that "anarchists like Antifa" are "exploiting this situation to pursue violent, extremist agendas."[249] In July 2020, Wray testified to the Senate Judiciary Committee that the agency "considers antifa more of an ideology than an organization",[250] contradicting Trump's remarks about antifa and putting him at odds with the Trump administration.[251] This resulted in Trump publicly criticizing Wray, hinting that he could fire him over Wray's testimony about antifa and Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections.[252][253][254]

Protesters with Antifa flags in Boston, May 31, 2020

As of June, none of the 51 people facing federal charges were alleged to have links to antifa.[255][256][257][258] According to the Houston Chronicle, at least three alleged looters in Austin, Texas, were affiliated with antifa.[259] Contrastly, a mid-June investigation by The Washington Post concluded there was no solid evidence of antifa involvement in causing violence during the protests, contradicting prior claims by law enforcement officials.[260] This is in part because "antifa is a moniker, not a single group", making it difficult to attribute any violence directly to the movement.[260] According to a report by researchers affiliated with Rutgers University, left-wing groups are now employing "many of the same tactics against police and other targets during the social justice protests since the death of George Floyd".[261] As of September 2020, no antifa or left-wing group has been charged in connection with the civil unrest.[262] However, Michael Forest Reinoehl, an anti-fascist protester who gave contrasting statements about antifa, stating that he was "100% anti-fascist" but "not a member of Antifa" or "anything",[112] has been implicated in the late August killing of a Trump supporter in Portland. According to Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at the California State University, if Reinoehl is implicated in the case, "it would mark the first time in recent years that an antifa supporter has been charged with homicide" as "hard-left violence has generally been less fatal and more directed towards property, racists and to a lesser extent police and journalists" which is unlike "the white supremacist and the far right, which glorifies mass violence by loners and small cells against minorities and enemies". Gary LaFree, chairman of the University of Maryland's criminology department, stated that "the case could potentially be included in the university's Global Terrorism Database as the first act of terror linked to antifa".[263]

Some militant and decentralized collectives who identify themselves as anti-capitalist and anti-fascist action groups as well as being explicitly police abolitionist consider the ongoing civil unrest in the United States as part of a broader revolution.[264] The Pacific Northwest Youth Liberation Front from Portland are a police abolitionist group who seek to "show the world that the fire of this uprising is still burning strong, and that flames will just keep getting bigger until the police state has been dismantled once and for all".[265] Speaking at the Mark O. Hatfield United States Courthouse in mid July, one Portland rally organizer said that she organizes for "the abolition of not just the militarized police state but also the United States as we know it".[266][267]

CHAZ/CHOP

A collective of protesters, "including self-identified anarchist extremists and those affiliated with Antifa",[268] demonstrated against the Seattle Police Department through the occupation of a six-block area of the Capitol Hill neighborhood, self-proclaimed as the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone (CHAZ), also identified as the Capitol Hill Organized Protest.[269] According to an analysis by the New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness, "[s]everal social media accounts affiliated with anarchist extremists and Antifa have openly claimed members are present and active in the area, posting their involvement in the takeover of the CHAZ and advocating a standoff if their long list of demands is not met."[268] Furthermore, it stated:

Despite reports of a peaceful takeover, the [Seattle Police Department] has heard of individuals checking for identification at barricades before entering the zone without the authority to do so. Additionally, there are reports of citizens and businesses being asked to pay a fee to operate within this area, and some residents cannot access their homes or businesses. The barricades are preventing the Seattle fire and police departments from accessing and responding to emergencies in and around the area, noting their response time has slowed considerably due to the roadblocks.[268]

On June 20, a 19-year-old man was killed and another person was hospitalized with life-threatening injuries after being fired on multiple times inside the CHAZ.[79][80] Nine days later, a 16-year-old boy was killed and a 14-year-old was critically injured in their Jeep Grand Cherokee after being shot in the zone.[81][82][103]

Far-right and white-supremacist involvement

At least 50 incidents of vehicles driving into crowds of protesters were recorded from May 27 to June 17, with four ruled accidental and five involving police officers. Since 2015, such actions have been encouraged against Black Lives Matter protests by "Run Them Over" and "All Lives Splatter" memes online, as well as items posted on Fox News and on social media by police officers.[270][271]

Vice and New York University's Reiss Center[272] reported that far-right accelerationists, who aim to exacerbate tensions and speed up the supposed coming of a "civil war", have urged followers online to use the protests as an occasion to carry out violence; an eco-fascist Telegram channel with almost 2500 subscribers posted on the 28th that "a riot would be the perfect place to commit a murder."[273] Analysis by Vice and the New York Times[274] also noted the proliferation of chatter on 4chan hailing the violence as the beginning of a "race war." Such tactics match a long running history of accelerationists exploiting moments of political and/or civil unrest to, in the words of historian Stuart Wexler, "produce racial polarization and eventual retaliation."[273]

According to a Twitter spokesperson, an account pretending to belong to a national "antifa" organization and pushing violent rhetoric related to ongoing protests has been linked to the white nationalist group Identity Evropa; Identity Evropa denied the claims.[275] According to an internal FBI situation report on the May 31 protests, individuals from a far-right social media group had "called for far-right provocateurs to attack federal agents, use automatic weapons against protesters."[276]

Incidents by date

In late July 2020, arson investigators with the Minneapolis police announced that they had identified the "Umbrella Man" who was seen on a widely circulated video breaking windows at an AutoZone store near the third police precinct station on May 27, which set off a chain reaction of looting and rioting, including the store and many other buildings being burned to the ground. The suspect, a 32-year-old man, had ties to the Hells Angels and Aryan Cowboy Brotherhood as well participated in a confrontation in Stillwater, Minnesota involving a Muslim woman in June. As of July 28, 2020, the man had not yet been charged with a crime. A local police investigator said he was deliberately attempting to incite rioting and looting.[91]

On May 29, Minnesota Governor Tim Walz noted then-unconfirmed reports of white supremacists as well as drug cartels taking advantage of the protests.[277] He also claimed that a large portion of the protesters were coming from out of state to instigate violence, though this was later shown to be false and the statements were walked back.[278] Minnesota Department of Public Safety Commissioner John Harrington noted that some white supremacist groups had posted messages online that encouraged people to go loot in Minneapolis and cause mayhem.[279]

On May 30, Minnesota officials including Minnesota Attorney General Keith Ellison, Governor Tim Walz, Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey, and St. Paul Mayor Melvin Carter stated they believed that white nationalists were using the protests as cover for inciting violence,[280] and that Minnesota officials were monitoring the ongoing far-right online effort to incite violence.[272] On the other hand, Howard Graves, an analyst at the Souther Poverty Law Center stated on May 31 that he did not see clear evidence of "white supremacists or militiamen" heading out to "burn and loot."[274] The University of St. Thomas' Lisa Waldner, an analyst of the American white supremacist and anarchist movements, has noted that the goal of many of the individuals involved in the destruction of Minneapolis was to create chaos so as to pursue their own agendas.[281] White nationalist Facebook groups reportedly began urging members to "get their loot on."[280] In at least 20 cities across the country as of May 31, members of hate groups and far-right organizations filmed themselves at the demonstrations.[274]

On the evening of June 7, in Lakeside, Virginia, witnesses reported that a truck-driver deliberately drove into protesters. No one was seriously injured; a suspect was arrested. The county attorney described the suspect as "an admitted leader of the Ku Klux Klan and a propagandist for Confederate ideology" and said he may be charged with a hate crime.[282]

On June 15, a confrontation between a protester (Scott Williams) and counter-protester (Steven Baca) at the Statue of Juan de Oñate at the Albuquerque Museum of Art and History lead to Williams being shot. Before the shooting, protesters had attempted to tear down the statue. Shooting charges were later dropped against Baca after online images emerged showing Williams holding what is rumored to be a knife.[283] The shooting drew attention to the armed civilians that had been turning up at Floyd protests and their apparent coordination with law enforcement. The New Mexico Patriots group, which was present at the shooting, was accused of intimidating people of color and promoting right-wing material.[284] Albuquerque Police officers were videotaped directing armed civilians during protests. Police dispatch radio referred to "heavily armed friendlies" on a roof overlooking a protest. A member of the group New Mexico Patriots stated that they had "worked with APD for many years now."[285]

On June 25, three police officers from Wilmington, North Carolina, were fired after they were caught in a leaked audio tape using derogatory remarks to describe black Americans, saying that they should be slaughtered and that "there should be another civil war to wipe them off the (expletive) map." It was later revealed that two of the officers had previous disciplinary issues with the department, including one officer who had been fired but rehired 4 days later.[286][287][288]

Boogaloo movement

The boogaloo movement, an armed anti-government and far-right extremist movement that seeks a Second American Civil War and whose members are identifiable at times for wearing Hawaiian shirts, have been reported at the protests.[273][289] Participants of the boogaloo movement at the George Floyd protests had a range of intentions, much like the ideologies behind the movement, with some individuals expressing support for or opposition to the protests, while others simply sought to rile up crowds.[290] Administrators of the Facebook page Big Igloo Bois, a splinter of the boogaloo movement, called for members to attend the protests with one administrator stating, "come in peace, prepare for there to be violence."[291] Some of the boogaloo groups have espoused white supremacist views. Other groups such as the Big Igloo Bois have aimed to make common cause with the Black Lives Matter movement due to their shared mistrust of the police.[292][272]

On June 3, three men who identified with the boogaloo movement were arrested in Las Vegas and charged by the Joint Terrorism Task Force for reportedly plotting to commit violent acts to incite a riot and terrorism charges. The three men also had military experience, and were plotting to attack economic targets prior to the protests in May.[293][294]

Boogaloo supporter Steven Carillo shot and killed a Federal security guard in Oakland, California on May 29 during a Floyd protest, later killing a police officer on June 6.[290] The apparent motive was to ignite broader violence, though the ideological motive remains unclear. Prior to the attacks, Carillo posted on social media, "Go to the riots and support our own cause. Show them the real targets. Use their anger to fuel our fire. Think outside the box. We have mobs of angry people to use to our advantage."[295] By September 2020, at least fifteen people affiliated with the boogaloo movement had been arrested and five deaths had been publicly linked to boogaloo rhetoric.[296]

On October 21, an adult male claiming to be connected to the boogaloo movement was arrested in San Antonio[297] and charged with a count of "interstate travel to incite a riot" for actions they had taken in May in Minneapolis. The male was apparently filmed firing rounds in the Minneapolis Police Department's 3rd Precinct. The charges also alleged that he helped to set the 3rd Precinct on fire and had received money from Carillo in June.[298]

Estimated financial costs

The director of Minneapolis's Lake Street Council estimated that damage to the city's small businesses not covered by insurance was estimated around $200 million.[8] An estimate by the company Property Claim Services, obtained by the news website Axios, estimated that nationwide, the cost of property damage from arson, vandalism and looting would "result in at least $1 billion to $2 billion of paid insurance claims"—more than the sum reached in the 1992 Los Angeles riots, but far smaller than insurance losses sustained from hurricanes, wildfires, and other natural disasters.[299]

References

1. Jemima McEvoy. "14 Days Of Protests, 19 Dead". Forbes. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
2. Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse. "Analysis | Who caused the violence at protests? It wasn't antifa" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
3. Craig, Tim (September 3, 2020). "'The United States is in crisis': Report tracks thousands of summer protests, most nonviolent". Washington Post.
4. Erica Chenoweth & Jeremy Pressman (October 16, 2020). "This summer's Black Lives Matter protesters were overwhelmingly peaceful, our research finds". Washington Post.
5. Julie Watson (January 14, 2021). "Comparison between Capitol siege, BLM protests is denounced". Associated Press. The unrest that followed Floyd’s death included vandalism, arson and looting, but the vast majority of demonstrations were peaceful.... But prominent BLM activists repeatedly distanced themselves from provocateurs and brawlers. Much of the violence came from provoked and unprovoked confrontations with police, during city-imposed curfews and after peaceful demonstrators had gone home. An analysis of more than 7,750 demonstrations in 2,400 locations across the country found that 93% happened with no violence, according to the US Crisis Monitor, a joint effort by Princeton University and the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project.
6. Ted Hesson, Mark Hosenball, Mica Rosenberg & Brad Heath (June 3, 2020). "U.S. assessment finds opportunists drive protest violence, not extremists". Reuters.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
7. Burch, Audra D. S.; Cai, Weiyi; Gianordoli, Gabriel; McCarthy, Morrigan; Patel, Jugal K. (June 13, 2020). "How Black Lives Matter Reached Every Corner of America". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
8. Bowles, Nellie (August 7, 2020). "Abolish the Police? Those Who Survived the Chaos in Seattle Aren't So Sure". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
9. Stockman, Farah (July 3, 2020). "'They Have Lost Control': Why Minneapolis Burned". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
10. Betz, Bradford (May 31, 2020). "George Floyd unrest: Riots, fires, violence escalate in several major cities". Fox News. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
11. "Widespread unrest as curfews defied across US". BBC News. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
12. Kindy, Kimberly; Jacobs, Shayna; Farenthold, David (June 5, 2020). "In protests against police brutality, videos capture more alleged police brutality". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
13. Thomas, Tobi; Gabbatt, Adam; Barr, Caelainn (October 29, 2020). "Nearly 1,000 instances of police brutality recorded in US anti-racism protests". The Guardian. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
14. Andone, Dakin (June 8, 2020). "In one week there were at least 9 instances of police using excessive force caught on camera". CNN. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
15. "George Floyd: Videos of police brutality during protests shock US". BBC News. June 5, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
16. Sachs, David (December 8, 2020). "Police officers acted dangerously and anonymously during protests against police brutality and racism, investigation finds". Denverite. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
17. Dewan, Shaila; Baker, Mike (June 1, 2020). "Facing Protests Over Use of Force, Police Respond With More Force". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
18. "USA: police must end 'excessive' militarised response to George Floyd protests". Amnesty International. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
19. Falconer, Rebecca (May 31, 2020). "Amnesty International: U.S. police must end militarized response to protests". Axios. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
20. Mathias, Christopher (October 14, 2020). "Exclusive: Over 100 Confederate Symbols Have Been Removed Or Renamed Since Cops Killed George Floyd". HuffPost. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
21. Libre.be, La (June 7, 2020). "Des échauffourées dans le quartier de Matonge à Bruxelles suite à la manifestation place Poelaert, des magasins pillés". www.lalibre.be. Retrieved June 7, 2020..
22. La Libre Belgique (June 8, 2020). "28 policiers blessés lors des manifestations: en colère, le syndicat policier lance un préavis de grève". www.lalibre.be (in French). Retrieved June 8, 2020..
23. M.CZ (June 8, 2020). "La police ironise sur les violences et les pillages: "Une magnifique après-midi à Bruxelles"". 7sur7.be (in French). Retrieved July 23, 2020.
24. "Débordements après la manifestation contre le racisme à Bruxelles : 239 arrestations, "des délinquants qui seront poursuivis"". RTBF Info (in French). June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
25. "Le MR dénonce la décision de Philippe Close: "Un bourgmestre doit faire respecter la loi, pas l'enfreindre"". Le Soir. June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020..
26. "Sophie Wilmès s'entretiendra avec les bourgmestres concernés par les manifestations". 7sur7 (in French). June 7, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
27. "Rassemblement contre le racisme à Bruxelles : Denis Ducarme demande des explications "sur les consignes de non-intervention policière"". RTBF Info. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
28. "Mort de George Floyd : 10.000 manifestants contre le racisme à Bruxelles, incidents à Matonge (vidéos)". RTBF Info. June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020..
29. "Les experts dénoncent les manifestations: "Comment expliquer maintenant qu'on ne peut pas faire un barbecue à onze?"" [Experts denounce the demonstrations: "how can we explain now that one is not allowed to hold a barbecue with eleven people?"]. 7sur7 (in French). June 7, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
30. "Thousands attend anti-racism protest in front of Montreal police headquarters". CBC News. May 31, 2020.
31. Banerjee, Sidhartha; Valiante, Giuseppe (May 31, 2020). "George Floyd: Montreal protests against police brutality". Global News. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
32. Laframboise, Kalina; Olivier, Annabelle (June 1, 2020). "Legault supports anti-racism protesters but says there is no systemic discrimination in province". Global News.
33. "Thousands attend anti-racism march in downtown Ottawa". CTV News. June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
34. "Ottawa March for racial justice fills downtown Ottawa". CBC News. CBC News. June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
35. "'Justice 4 George' rally on steps of the U.S. Embassy". CTV. May 30, 2020.
36. Coubrough, Jill (July 7, 2020). "2 protesters attacked with hockey stick following Black and Indigenous Lives Matter rally in Winnipeg". CBC News. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
37. Ronan Folgoas; J-M.D (June 2, 2020). "Adama Traoré, George Floyd : à Paris, plus de 20000 personnes rassemblées contre les violences policières, 18 personnes interpellées". Le Parisien.
38. "Manifestation contre les "violences policières" à Toulouse : l'Hôtel de ville pris pour cible, 4 arrestations". ladepeche.fr (in French). Retrieved June 4, 2020.
39. Le Parisien with AFP (June 6, 2020). "Violences policières : incidents lors de la manifestation à Metz, le procureur blessé". leparisien.fr (in French). Retrieved July 24, 2020.
40. "Un drapeau confédéré, symbole raciste, affiché à la fenêtre d'une caserne de policiers à Paris". Les Observateurs de France 24 (in French). July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
41. Child, David (June 3, 2020). "London Black Lives Matter protest sees 13 people arrested after clashes with police outside Downing Street". London Evening Standard. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
42. "George Floyd death: 14 police officers hurt as violence erupts at anti-racism protest in London". Sky News. June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
43. Tim Adams (June 7, 2020). "'Now is the time': London's Black Lives Matter rally looks like a turning point". The Guardian. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
44. "BLM protesters and police clash again in London".
45. "Black Lives Matter protest called off over far-right fears". ITV News. June 12, 2020.
46. "More than 100 arrested in London as PM condemns violence - LIVE". Evening Standard. June 13, 2020.
47. Newcastle Black Lives Matter protest heckled by counter-demonstrators Chronicle Live. 13 June 2020.
48. "As Mayor Frey calls for officer's arrest, violence intensifies in Minneapolis". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
49. "Man shot dead outside Lake Street pawnshop during unrest is identified". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
50. Jany, Libor (20 July 2020). "Authorities: Body found in wreckage of S. Minneapolis pawn shop burned during George Floyd unrest". Star Tribune. Retrieved on 20 July 2020.
51. "Retired officer, ex-college athlete among victims of unrest". Associated Press. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
52. Jennifer Henderson; Madeline Holcombe. "Man fatally shot during protests in Detroit". CNN. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
53. Whiting, Sam (June 1, 2020). "Federal Protective Service Officer Fatally Shot in Oakland Identified". officer.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
54. "As Anti-Violence Protests Continue, Oakland Police Call for Information on Officers' Shooting". KQED. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
55. Sam Clancy (June 2, 2020). "Protester run over, killed by FedEx truck identified". KSDK.
56. Sanders, Nicole (May 31, 2020). "Man dragged by FedEx truck dies during night of George Floyd protests in St. Louis". The Mercury News.
57. Meadows, Danielle (May 31, 2020). "Omaha Police investigate Saturday night shooting death of protester". 3 News Now KMTV. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
58. Jessie Yeung; Steve George; Nick Thompson; Melissa Macaya; Meg Wagner; Mike Hayes; Daniella Diaz (June 1, 2020). "Live updates: George Floyd protests across America". CNN. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
59. Spoerre, Anna (June 3, 2020). "Man shot and killed after protest Sunday in Kansas City was family man, photographer". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
60. Main, Frank (June 8, 2020). "18 murders in 24 hours: Inside the most violent day in 60 years in Chicago". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
61. Mack, Justin L. (June 2, 2020). "Arrest made in fatal shooting of 18-year-old amid Downtown Indianapolis protests". The Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
62. Mazzei, Patricia (June 4, 2020). "A Popular Louisville Restaurant Owner Was Killed by the Police. What Happened?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
63. "One dead in Louisville after police and National Guard 'return fire' on crowd". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
64. Foley, Ryan J. (June 1, 2020). "Woman, 22, killed at protest as civil unrest roils Davenport". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
65. "Police: 2nd person killed in Davenport was shot at site of officer ambush". Des Moines Register.
66. "Illinois man ID'd as body found after Iowa police shootout". www.kcrg.com. Associated Press.
67. "Chicago man accused of killing bystander during looting in Cicero". Chicago Sun-Times. June 4, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020.
68. De Mar, Charlie (June 1, 2020). "Chaos In Cicero: 2 Bystanders Shot Dead In One Incident, Liquor Store Looting Suspects Caught Hiding In Another". CBS Chicago. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020.
69. Komenda, Ed. "Las Vegas protest rolling updates: Officer in critical condition after shot by a protester". Reno Gazette Journal.
70. Martinez-Valle, Miguel; Stamm, Dan (June 2, 2020). "South Philly Gun Shop Owner Shoots, Kills Looter, Police Say". WCAU. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
71. Rose, Kennedy (June 2, 2020). "Kenney 'deeply troubled' after business owner fatally shoots suspected looter". Philadelphia Business Journal. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020.
72. "Police: Man Dies After Attempting To Break Into North Philadelphia ATM With Explosives, Approximately 30 ATMs Damaged Overnight". CBS Philly. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020.
73. Salter, Jim (June 2, 2020). "Police: Retired St. Louis police captain killed amid unrest". Associated Press. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
74. "At least 13 killed in protests". abc.net.au. June 3, 2020. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
75. Cassidy, Megan. "SF resident was kneeling when fatally shot by Vallejo police during civil unrest". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
76. Levin, Sam (June 5, 2020). "California: Vallejo police kill unarmed 22-year-old, who was on his knees with his hands up". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020.
77. Hua, Karen (June 6, 2020). "Protester dies after being hit by car during Wednesday's march". KGET.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020.
78. "Candlelight vigil for Robert Forbes scheduled for tonight". Bakersfield Now. June 6, 2020. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020.
79. Torres, Ella (June 20, 2020). "1 dead, 1 injured after shooting in Seattle autonomous zone". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020.
80. Flower, Kevin; Moshtaghian, Artemis; Reeve, Elle; Cullinane, Susannah. "Shooting in Seattle protest zone leaves one dead. Police say 'violent crowd' denied them entry". CNN. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
81. "1 teen killed, 1 injured after 4th shooting near Seattle's CHOP". king5.com.
82. Wallace, Danielle (June 29, 2020). "Latest Seattle CHOP shooting kills 16-year-old boy, critically wounds 14-year-old boy". Fox News.
83. "Protester killed on Seattle freeway was dedicated to cause". AP NEWS. July 5, 2020.
84. Braine, Theresa (July 13, 2020). "Indiana woman shot dead after saying 'all lives matter': family". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
85. Wells, Jesse. 5 July 2020. “Indy mother becomes 2nd homicide along downtown canal in 1 week.” Fox 59.
86. "Page Not Found | abc13.com". ABC13 Houston. Cite uses generic title (help)
87. "Armed Protester Shot, Killed By Driver In Austin Identified As Garrett Foster, Alleged Shooter Released From Custody". July 26, 2020.
88. Silverman, Hollie. "Protests in Portland turn deadly after 1 person is killed on the streets downtown". CNN.
89. Furst, Randy and Stanley, Greg (23 June 2020). "Mystery remains weeks after a pawnshop owner fatally shot a man during Minneapolis unrest". Star Tribune.
90. "Surveillance video confirms that Saint Paul police officer Jacob Pederson is not 'Umbrella Man'". Saint Paul, Minnesota. June 8, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
91. Jany, Libor (28 July 2020). "Police: 'Umbrella Man' was a white supremacist trying to incite George Floyd rioting". Star Tribune. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
92. https://www.startribune.com/for-family-of-man-killed-in-pawnshop-fire-during-george-floyd-unrest-grief-wrapped-in-a-mystery/573079501/
93. Spelbring, Meredith. "Police release photo of 2nd suspect in fatal shooting of Eastpointe man". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
94. Debolt, David (June 1, 2020). "Federal Protection Services officer killed in Oakland drive-by shooting identified". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
95. Gartrell, Nate; Kelliher, Fiona (June 16, 2020). "Santa Cruz deputy's alleged killer charged with assassinating federal cop in Oakland ambush; authorities link attacks to extremist group that believes civil war looming". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
96. Wells, Jesse (June 2, 2020). "Man charged with murder following deadly shooting of 18-year-old in downtown Indy". Fox 59. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
97. Wise, John P. (June 1, 2020). "Man shot dead at 26th and Broadway identified". WAVE3 News. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
98. Burnside, Tina; Henderson, Jennifer (June 1, 2020). "Man dead in Kentucky after authorities fired at crowd as they cleared parking lot". CNN. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
99. Wise, John P. "Louisville mayor fires police chief". wkyt.com. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
100. "George Floyd fallout: 2 killed as unrest erupts in Cicero; Pritzker deploys National Guard to suburbs; 7 counties declared a disaster zone; CTA again suspends service". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
101. "2 killed, over 60 arrested in Cicero as unrest continues". WGN-TV. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
102. "Seattle police claimed protesters blocked way to dying man. In fact, miscommunication with Seattle Fire was problem". KUOW Public Radio.
103. King, Angela; Martin, Casey; Aegerter, Gil (June 29, 2020). "Shooting in Seattle's CHOP leaves one man dead, one wounded". www.kuow.org. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
104. Horne, Deborah, and Ryan Simms. July 4, 2020. "Protester dies, another fights for life after car drives into crowd on I-5." KIRO 7 News.
105. "Mother of victim killed at Austin protest says son was pushing fiancee's wheelchair before shooting". ABC7 Los Angeles. July 26, 2020.
106. Holcombe, Madeline, and Jennifer Henderson. "Witness to Austin Black Lives Matter shooting says 'the driver incited the violence'". CNN.com. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
107. Bailey, Todd. "Garrett Foster memorial defaced, painted over in white". KXAN.com. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
108. Baker, Mike; Golden, Hallie; Goldman, Adam (September 3, 2020). "Suspect in Fatal Portland Shooting Is Killed by Officers During Arrest". The New York Times. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
109. Bernstein, Maxine. 2 September 2020. "Man under investigation in fatal shooting of right-wing demonstrator in Portland was outside mayor’s condo night before with daughter." The Oregonian.
110. Bernstein, Maxine (September 4, 2020). "Michael Reinoehl, sought in fatal Portland shooting after Trump rally, killed by officers in Washington". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
111. Owen, Tess (September 4, 2020). "Police Don't Have Their Story Straight About the Killing of Michael Reinoehl". Vice News. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
112. Sailor, Craig. "Who was Michael Forest Reinoehl, Portland shooting suspect?" The News Tribune. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
113. "Man Linked to Killing at a Portland Protest Says He Acted in Self-Defense". Vice News. September 3, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
114. Timm, Trevor (June 4, 2020). "We Crunched the Numbers: Police — Not Protesters — Are Overwhelmingly Responsible for Attacking Journalists". Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
115. Kelley, Alexandra (June 8, 2020). "President of Chicago Police Board hit with batons during protest". TheHill. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
116. Gay, Mara; Gale, Jordan (May 31, 2020). "Opinion | The Nation's Largest Police Force Is Treating Us as an Enemy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
117. "State senator says he was pepper sprayed, handcuffed at Barclays protest". bronx.news12.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
118. "Ohio Politicians Pepper Sprayed During Protests". Cleveland, OH Patch. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
119. Pelzer, Jeremy; clevel; .com (May 30, 2020). "U.S. Rep. Joyce Beatty, other politicians pepper-sprayed by Columbus police during protest". cleveland. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
120. Messer, Olivia (June 2, 2020). "Medical Workers Fighting COVID Say Cops Are Attacking Them". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
121. Boyle, John. "Asheville protests: Mayor Manheimer wants explanation of police destruction of medical station". Citizen Times. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
122. Derrick Bryson Taylor, Derrick (June 3, 2020). "Man Shelters Over 70 Protesters Fleeing Arrest in His Washington Home". Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
123. Daniel Politi (June 6, 2020). "Activists Create Public Online Spreadsheet of Police Violence Videos". Slate. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
124. Katie Way (June 7, 2020). "Police Violence at Protests Is Undeniable. All the Videos Are Right Here". Vice. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
125. Aila Slisco (June 6, 2020). "Increased Attacks on Journalists Covering Protests Coincide with Videos of Police Attacking Unarmed Protesters". Newsweek. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
126. Video shows NYPD vehicles driving into protesters in Brooklyn Archived June 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. CBS News. Updated on May 31, 2020.
127. "Use of Force Criticized in Protests About Police Brutality". The New York Times (Print). Associated Press. June 1, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
128. Mark, Michelle. "Videos show NYPD cruisers ramming into protesters behind a barricade and sending bodies flying". Insider. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
129. "Footage of NYPD Vehicles Surging Into Crowd of Protesters Sparks Further Outrage". Time. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
130. Vogt, Adrienne (June 3, 2020). "Atlanta college students recount being tased by police: "I don't want that for anyone else. This is disgusting."". CNN. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
131. Amir Vera. "2 Atlanta officers fired after video shows them tasing man and using 'excessive force' on woman, mayor says". CNN. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
132. Tina Burnside; Amir Vera; Eric Levenson. "Six Atlanta Police officers are being charged after allegedly using excessive force at protest". CNN. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
133. "Family of protester shot in the forehead with beanbag round calls for justice". The San Diego Union-Tribune. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
134. "Grand Rapids Police investigating video of man appearing to get shot in the face with tear gas". WZZM. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
135. "Office of Police Accountability processing 12,000 complaints after weekend demonstrations" (PDF). www.seattle.gov. June 1, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
136. "Video appears to show police firing "less-lethal" rounds at group aiding injured protester". CBS Austin. June 4, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
137. "Black protester who was critically injured by police in protest is identified, student newspaper reports". The Texas Tribune. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
138. "Watch: Police drive-by pepper spray protesters standing on side of road". Bring Me The News. May 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
139. Walters, Joanna (June 2, 2020). "'They turned holy ground into a battleground': clergy teargassed by Washington police". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
140. "Peaceful Protesters Tear-Gassed To Clear Way For Trump Church Photo-Op". NPR.org. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
141. Rogers, Katie (June 1, 2020). "Protesters Dispersed With Tear Gas So Trump Could Pose at Church". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
142. Gelles, Karl. "How police pushed aside protesters ahead of Trump's controversial church photo". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
143. "Denver police open investigation after viral video shows cops firing pepper balls at car as man screams his pregnant girlfriend is inside". The Denver Post. June 4, 2020. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
144. "Buffalo Police Officers Suspended After Shoving 75-Year-Old Protester". The New York Times. June 5, 2020. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
145. Flynn, Meagan; Knowles, Hannah (June 5, 2020). "Two Buffalo cops suspended after shoving 75-year-old protester to the ground, where he lay bleeding, motionless". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
146. Miller, Ryan W.; Culver, Jordan; Robinson, David (June 5, 2020). "Buffalo cops resign from unit in protest after two of their own are suspended for injuring 75-year-old". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
147. "EXCLUSIVE: Two Buffalo Police ERT members say resignation was not in solidarity with suspended officers". WKBW. June 6, 2020. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
148. Taddeo, Ryan W. Miller, Jordan Culver, David Robinson, Grace Hauck and Sarah. "2 Buffalo cops charged with assault after video shows officers shoving 75-year-old man to the ground". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
149. Lucas, Manfredi (May 31, 2020). "Man who appeared to defend Dallas store brutally beaten by rioters". Fox Business. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
150. Jaramillo, Cassandra (May 31, 2020). "President Trump tweets about machete-wielding man beaten by Dallas crowd during protests". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
151. Robert, Mackey (June 1, 2020). "Trump Falls for Video of Dallas Clash Edited to Cast Machete-Wielding Vigilante as Victim". The Intercept. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
152. Littal, Robert (May 31, 2020). ""C.A." Shoultz Has Been IDed As Machete Wielding Man Who Was Chasing Protestors; Says He Was Trying To Protect The Bar He Likes To Drink At & That Maybe It Wasn't The Smartest Move". Black Sports Online. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
153. Stevenson, Stefan (May 31, 2020). "Machete-wielding man attacked by Dallas mob admits 'bravery to the point of stupidity'". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
154. Wise, Justin (July 26, 2020). "Colorado police investigating after car drives through crowd of protestors". TheHill.
155. "Car drives through crowd, protester shot in Colorado". AP NEWS. July 26, 2020.
156. Kafanov, Lucy (July 25, 2020). "1 person stabbed as thousands protest in Portland; authorities earlier used tear gas on crowd". CNN. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
157. Kavanaugh, Shane (July 30, 2020). "Man knifed in back at Portland protest: 'I was stabbed for being a conservative journalist'". The Oregonian. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
158. Johnson, Ted (May 31, 2020). "Press Foundation Documents At Least 100 Different "Incidents Of Aggressions" Against Media During Weekend Of Protests". Deadline. United States. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
159. "Journalists Covering Protests Are Being Attacked By Police Across America". VICE News. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020.
160. @uspresstracker (June 4, 2020). "OUR LATEST DATA AS OF 9:30PM ET JUNE 4" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
161. @uspresstracker (June 1, 2020). "To put some perspective on the unprecedented nature of the weekend's attacks on journalists: At @USPressTracker, we've documented 100–150 press freedom violations in the US per year, for the last 3 years. We are currently investigating *over 100* FROM JUST THE LAST 3 DAYS" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
162. Tracy, Mark (June 1, 2020). "Police Target Journalists as Trump Blames 'Lamestream Media' for Protests". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
163. Izadi, Elahe (May 31, 2020). "Journalists at several protests were injured, arrested by police while trying to cover the story". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
164. "Journalists Detail Being Hit By Rubber Bullets, Attacked While Covering Nationwide Protests". Hollywood Reporter. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
165. Waters, Nick. "US Law Enforcement Are Deliberately Targeting Journalists During George Floyd Protests". bellingcat.com. Bellingcat. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
166. Phillips, Noelle. "Denver Post photographer shot twice by pepper balls during George Floyd protest". denverpost.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
167. Hanna, Jason; Vera, Amir (May 30, 2020). "CNN crew released from police custody after they were arrested live on air in Minneapolis". CNN. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
168. "CNN crew released from police custody after they were arrested live on air in Minneapolis". BBC. May 29, 2020. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
169. Segers, Grace. "Minneapolis police arrest CNN crew on live television". CBS News. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
170. Parker, Ryan. "Minnesota State Patrol Blasted for "Lie" Tweet About CNN Arrest of Journalists". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
171. St. Félix, Doreen. "In Minneapolis, the Shocking Arrest of the Journalist Omar Jimenez Live on CNN". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
172. Robles, Frances (May 30, 2020). "A Reporter's Cry on Live TV: 'I'm Getting Shot! I'm Getting Shot!'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
173. "Protest photographer's eyeball 'exploded'". NewsComAu. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
174. News, Shellie Sylvestri, WAVE. "Officer fires pepper balls at reporter, photographer during Louisville, Ky., protest". wkyt.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
175. Rodd, Scott. "Sacramento Woman Permanently Blind In One Eye From Rubber Bullet At Oak Park Protest Last Week". capradio.org.
176. Gottbrath, Laurin-Whitney; Formichella, Lucien; Regencia, Ted. "George Floyd: US protests over police brutality intensify – Live". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
177. "Mort de George Floyd : des journalistes visés lors des manifestations aux Etats-Unis". Franceinfo (in French). May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
178. Holm, Gusten. "Polis sköt Expressens reporter – flera attacker mot medier i Minneapolis". expressen.se. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
179. Bleiker, Carla (June 1, 2020). "US heads into a new week shaken by police brutality protests". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
180. Kessler, Mike (May 31, 2020). "KPCC/LAist Reporters Tear-Gassed, Shot With Rubber Bullet". LAist. Los Angeles CA: KPCC. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
181. Guzman-Lopez, Adolfo [@AGuzmanLopez] (May 31, 2020). "I just got hit by a rubber bullet near the bottom of my throat. I had just interviewed a man with my phone at 3rd and Pine and a police officer aimed and shot me in the throat, I saw the bullet bounce onto the street @LAist @kpcc OK, that's one way to stop me, for a whilepic.twitter.com/9C2u5KmscG" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
182. Burns, Katelyn (May 31, 2020). "Police targeted journalists covering the George Floyd protests". Vox. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
183. Spocchia, Gino (June 2, 2020). "George Floyd protests: BBC cameraman attacked by police at demonstration outside White House". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
184. "George Floyd protests: Police charge at BBC cameraman near White House". BBC News. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
185. "Donald Trump's press secretary says police who attacked Australian journalists 'had right to defend themselves'". SBS News. June 3, 2020. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
186. Hume, Tim (June 3, 2020). "Australian Journalists Covering DC Protests Were Assaulted by Cops on Live Morning Television". Vice. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
187. "'Pretty bruised': Sunrise reporter attacked by US cops on live TV tells of aftermath". 7NEWS.com.au. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
188. Abrams, Rachel; Robertson, Katie (June 2, 2020). "Australia Asks for Investigation After Police Attack 2 Journalists in U.S." The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
189. Macias, Amanda (June 2, 2020). "Australia opens investigation into U.S. police violence against journalists covering protests in DC". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
190. "Quoting a meme, Scott Morrison says US violence will not bring about change". SBS News. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
191. Holcombe, Madeline; Scannell, Kara (June 2, 2020). "District attorney to investigate alleged assault of WSJ reporter by NYPD officers during protests". CNN. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
192. Chan, J. Clara (May 30, 2020). "CNN Headquarters in Atlanta Vandalized During Protests Over Police Killings". TheWrap. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
193. Fernando Alfonso III. "CNN Center in Atlanta damaged during protests". CNN. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
194. "Fox News reporter attacked, chased from demonstration". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
195. "Federal Protection Services officer killed in Oakland drive-by shooting identified". The Mercury News. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
196. Shaw, Adam (May 30, 2020). "Federal Protective Service officer killed, another injured in Oakland shooting amid George Floyd protests". Fox News. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
197. Gartrell, Nate (June 16, 2020). "Authorities charge alleged Santa Cruz deputy killer with assassinating federal cop in Oakland, link attacks to Boogaloo movement". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
198. "Philadelphia Police Officer Run Over By Group Of Looters 'In Excruciating Pain,' But Stable, Fiancee Says". June 4, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
199. "Officer Suffers Broken Arm After Being Run Over While Trying To Stop Looters In Old City, Philadelphia Police Say". May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
200. Bowden, John (May 31, 2020). "Philadelphia officer run over while trying to stop looting". TheHill. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
201. "Driver of ATV that crashed in Atlanta motorcycle officer identified, charged". 11Alive.com.
202. "Driver Anthony Knapp Identified, Accused Of Plowing Car Into 3 Denver Police Officers". CBS Denver. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
203. Barba, Michael (June 16, 2020). "Second suspect named in Oakland cop killing linked to far-right 'Boogaloo' movement". The San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
204. "Law enforcement continues to investigate encounter between motorist, protesters on I-244". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
205. "Family talks about long road ahead for Tulsa man paralyzed following Sunday protest on IDL". KTUL. June 8, 2020. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020. |first= missing |last= (help)
206. "Two shot, two officers injured as violence escalates near Bailey Avenue police station". The Buffalo News. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
207. "Buffalo woman facing felony charges after driving through police line, injuring officers". June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
208. Sorace, Stephen (June 3, 2020). "Bullet penetrates Missouri trooper's face shield during riots in St. Louis, 'narrowly' avoids serious injury". Fox News. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
209. Lupiani, Joyce (June 5, 2020). "Arrest report released for man accused of shooting officer during Las Vegas protest". KTNV News. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
210. "Man deliberately shot Las Vegas officer, authorities say". Reno Gazette Journal. June 5, 2020.
211. Calicchio, Dom (June 2, 2020). "NYPD officer struck by vehicle in the Bronx in apparent hit-and-run, video shows". Fox News. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
212. "NYPD officer in serious but stable condition after apparent Walton Avenue hit-and-run". bronx.news12.com. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
213. "NYPD Sergeant, Officer Struck By Hit-And-Run Drivers In Separate Incidents". June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
214. Kaplan, Elise (June 15, 2020). "Former council candidate charged in protest shooting". Albuquerque Journal. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
215. Jackson, Anthony; Kaplan, Elise; Salazar, martin (June 15, 2020). "Horrified and disgusted beyond words". Albuquerque Journal. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
216. "Trump threatens to send officers to more US cities". BBC News. July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
217. Greg Sargent and Paul Waldman (July 17, 2020). "The Oregon governor wants federal officers out of Portland. Trump officials won't listen. Why?". Washington Post. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
218. "Trump targets Seattle, Portland, NYC, DC by threatening federal funding for 'anarchist' cities". Fox News. September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
219. Jeremy Herb; Evan Perez; Donie O'Sullivan; Mark Morales (May 31, 2020). "What we know about the extremists taking part in riots across the US". CNN. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
220. Dunleavy, Jerry (June 4, 2020). "Barr says foreign actors are trying to 'exacerbate the violence' at George Floyd protests". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
221. Dilanian, Ken. "China, Russia, Iran using state media to attack U.S. over Floyd death". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
222. Seldin, Jeff (June 4, 2020). "US Accuses Foreign, Online Actors of Inflaming Tensions". Voice of America. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
223. Rishika Dugyala (May 31, 2020). "Foreign foes taking advantage of divide over race, national security adviser says". Politico. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
224. Klar, Rebecca (May 31, 2020). "National security adviser says foreign powers trying to exploit US race relations". TheHill. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
225. "'This Week' Transcript 5-31-20: House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Rep. Ilhan Omar, Amb. Robert O'Brien". ABC News. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
226. Higgins, Andrew (June 4, 2020). "Russia Jumps on Floyd Killing as Proof of U.S. Hypocrisy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
227. "Russia Reacts to U.S. Riots, Claims of Meddling". Moscow Times. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
228. Ellyatt, Holly (June 10, 2020). "Russia 'concerned' for human rights as it watches U.S. protests, Kremlin says". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
229. Culliford, Elizabeth (June 5, 2020). "Facebook says it found no foreign interference targeting U.S. protests". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
230. "Live Updates on George Floyd Protests: Minneapolis to Ban Use of Chokeholds by Police". The New York Times. June 6, 2020. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
231. "El FBI detuvo a un grupo de venezolanos y cubanos que pagaban para causar caos en las protestas en EEUU". infobae (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
232. "FBI investiga infiltración de la izquierda radical durante protestas en Miami-Dade". Diario Las Americas. June 4, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
233. Lamothe, Dan. "Trump administration offers active-duty military forces and intelligence to help quell Minnesota unrest". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
234. Andelane, Lana (June 2, 2020). "George Floyd death: Pallets of bricks found unattended among protests spark theories of foul play". Newshub. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
235. "Wray claims FBI sees 'anarchists like Antifa' exploiting George Floyd protests". MSN. June 5, 2020. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
236. "De Blasio now says some 'anarchist' protesters are local amid continued defense of NYPD". Politico. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
237. "Mayor, police chief denounce 'anarchists' and 'terrorists' who destroyed city; curfew begins at 9 p.m." Atlanta INtown. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
238. "Seattle Police Guild: Anarchists are stealing the peaceful protesters' message". June 5, 2020. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
239. "Police chief: Out-of-town anarchists stirred up trouble". Alabama Public Radio. June 4, 2020. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
240. "Officials blame differing groups of 'outsiders' for violence". Star Tribune. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
241. McCausland, Phil (May 30, 2020). "Attorney General Barr blames 'far-left extremist groups' for violent protests". NBC News. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
242. "Anarchists infiltrating George Floyd protests in NYC, officials say". WABC-TV. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
243. Mark, Michelle (May 31, 2020). "Trump says George Floyd's killing 'should never have happened,' vows to 'stop mob violence, and we'll stop it cold'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
244. Evan Perez; Jason Hoffman. "Trump tweets Antifa will be labeled a terrorist organization but experts believe that's unconstitutional". CNN. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
245. "'Damn Shame': Pittsburgh Police Chief Says White Males Dressed In Anarchist Attire Hijacked George Floyd Protests Downtown". May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
246. Holden, Mike. "IN CUSTODY: Man accused of inciting violence at Pittsburgh protests turns himself in". WPXI. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
247. Tom Winter and Andrew Blankstein (June 1, 2020). "NYPD'S Terrorism Chief Says Unnamed Groups Planned Protest Violence in Advance". WNBC. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
248. Wray, Christopher A. (June 4, 2020). "FBI Director Christopher Wray's Remarks at Press Conference Regarding Civil Unrest in Wake of George Floyd's Death" (Press release). Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
249. "Wray claims FBI sees 'anarchists like Antifa' exploiting George Floyd protests". The Washington Post. June 4, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
250. Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil (June 11, 2020). "Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2020. Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.
251. Fox, Ben; Tucker, Eric (September 17, 2020). "FBI director says antifa is an ideology, not an organization". Associated Press. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
252. Niedzwiadek, Nick (September 18, 2020). "Trump hits FBI director again over testimony on antifa, Russia". Politico. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
253. Barrett, Devlin; Itkowitz, Colby (September 19, 2020). "Trump suggests he'd consider removing FBI director over unfavorable testimony". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
254. Massie, Graeme (September 18, 2020). "Donald Trump hints he could fire FBI director over Antifa disagreement". The Independent. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
255. Klippenstein, Ken (June 2, 2020). "The FBI Finds 'No Intel Indicating Antifa Involvement' in Sunday's Violence". The Nation. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
256. Lucas, Ryan (June 9, 2020). "No Sign Of Antifa So Far In Justice Department Cases Brought Over Unrest". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
257. "As Trump Blames Antifa, Protest Records Show Scant Evidence". Associated Press. June 6, 2020. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020 – via Voice of America. The Associated Press analyzed court records, employment histories, social media posts and other sources of information for 217 people arrested last weekend [...] only a handful appeared to have any affiliation with organized groups. [...] Social media posts indicate only a few of those arrested are left-leaning activists, including a self-described anarchist. But others had indications of being on the political right, including some Trump supporters.
258. Feuer, Alan; Goldman, Adam; MacFarquhar, Neil (June 11, 2020). "Federal Arrests Show No Sign That Antifa Plotted Protests". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020. Despite claims by President Trump and Attorney General William P. Barr, there is scant evidence that loosely organized anti-fascists are a significant player in protests. [...] A review of the arrests of dozens of people on federal charges reveals no known effort by antifa to perpetrate a coordinated campaign of violence. Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.
259. Wermund, Benjamin (June 13, 2020). "Just 3 arrests so far as Texas officials blame protest violence on Antifa 'terrorists'". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
260. Kelly, Meg; Samuels, Elyse (June 22, 2020). "Who caused the violence at protests? It wasn't antifa". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
261. Donohue, John K.; Farmer, John; Finkelstein, Joel; Goldenberg, Alex; Jussim, Lee; Paresky, Pamela; Stevens, Sean (September 14, 2020). "Network-Enabled Anarchy: How Militant Anarcho-Socialist Networks Use Social Media to Instigate Widespread Violence Against Political Opponents and Law Enforcement". Network Contagion Research Institute. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
262. Farivar, Masood (September 16, 2020). "Anarchist Groups Tied to Riots in 4 US Cities". Voice of America. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
263. Farivar, Masood (1 September 2020). "Antifa Protester Implicated in Killing of Trump Supporter in Oregon". Voice of America. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
264. Bernton, Hal. 13 June 2020. "Meet the Youth Liberation Front behind a militant marathon of Portland protests." The Seattle Times.
265. "Homepage." PNW Youth Liberation Front. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020.
266. Portland Antifa Activist organizing the Abolition of The Police and United States on YouTube
267. Stenvick, Blair. 15 June 2020. "Q&A: Portland Protest Organizer Lilith Sinclair on Activism and Pride." Portland Mercury.
268. "Anarchist Extremists Among ‘Autonomous Zone’ In Seattle." Analysis Bureau, New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness. Government of New Jersey.
269. Toropin, Konstantin. 25 June 2020. "Leader of Seattle's 'autonomous zone' says many protesters are leaving." CNN.
270. Allam, Hannah (June 21, 2020). "Vehicle Attacks Rise As Extremists Target Protesters". NPR.
271. Grabar, Henry (August 14, 2017). "Mowing Down Crowds of Protesters Was a Right-Wing Fantasy Long Before Charlottesville". Slate Magazine.
272. Mia Bloom (May 30, 2020). "Far-Right Infiltrators and Agitators in George Floyd Protests: Indicators of White Supremacists". Reiss Center on Law and Security at New York University School of Law. Just Security. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
273. "Far-Right Extremists Are Hoping to Turn the George Floyd Protests Into a New Civil War – VICE". vice.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
274. "Many Claim Extremists Are Sparking Protest Violence. But Which Extremists?". The New York Times. May 31, 2020. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
275. "White nationalist group posing as antifa called for violence on Twitter". NBC News. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
276. Klippenstein, Ken (June 2, 2020). "The FBI Finds 'No Intel Indicating Antifa Involvement' in Sunday's Violence". The Nation. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
277. "May 29 George Floyd death and Minneapolis protests". NBC. May 29, 2020. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
278. "How a false claim about out-of-state protesters traveled from Minnesota officials to Trump, Pelosi". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
279. "Mayor Walks Back Statement Saying Every Person Arrested In Minneapolis Protests Was From Out Of State". Forbes. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
280. "Minnesota's Top Officials Believe White Nationalists Are Using George Floyd Protests As Cover For Inciting Violence". BET. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
281. "White supremacist expert: 'The goal is to create chaos'". WCCO Radio Newsroom. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
282. Riga, Kate (June 8, 2020). "VA County Weighing Hate Crime Charges After 'KKK Leader' Plowed Truck Into Protesters". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
283. Klar, Rebecca (June 18, 2020). "Charge dropped against suspected shooter of New Mexico statue protester". TheHill. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
284. Gilbert, Samuel (June 17, 2020). "Armed vigilantes under scrutiny after statue protester shot in New Mexico". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
285. Colton, Hannah (June 8, 2020). "Armed Civilian Groups Patrol ABQ Protests, Raising Questions Of Coordination With Police". KUNM. Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
286. Wallace, Danielle (June 25, 2020). "North Carolina cops fired over conversations about 'slaughtering' black people, second 'civil war'". Fox News.
287. https://www.newsobserver.com/news/state/north-carolina/article243820502.html
288. "Cops fired over violent, racist talk about Black people: We are going to 'start slaughtering them'". NBC News.
289. "US Air Force sergeant charged in 'Boogaloo' murder". BBC News. June 17, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
290. Timberg, Craig (June 17, 2020). "As Trump warns of leftist violence, a dangerous threat emerges from the right-wing boogaloo movement". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
291. Collins, Jon; Shockman, Elizabeth (May 30, 2020). "Outsiders, extremists are among those fomenting violence in Twin Cities". MPR News. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
292. Evans, Robert; Wilson, Jason (May 27, 2020). "The Boogaloo Movement Is Not What You Think". Bellingcat. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
293. Rosie Perper; Sonam Sheth (June 4, 2020). "3 self-proclaimed members of the far-right 'boogaloo' movement were arrested on domestic terrorism charges for trying to spark violence during protests". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
294. "Joint Terrorism Task Force Charges Three Men Who Allegedly Sought To Exploit Protests In Las Vegas And Incite Violence". justice.gov. June 3, 2020. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
295. Noyes, Dan; del Castillo, Amanda (June 17, 2020). "Federal officer shooting suspects Steven Carrillo, Robert Justus 'came to Oakland to kill cops,' FBI says". ABC7 San Francisco. Archived from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
296. Beckett, Lois (July 8, 2020). "White supremacists or anti-police libertarians? What we know about the 'boogaloo'". The Guardian. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
297. Self-described 'Boogaloo Bois' member charged with riot in connection with Twin Cities unrest in May KSTP-TV
298. Texas member of Boogaloo Bois charged with opening fire on Minneapolis police precinct during protests over George Floyd Star Tribune
299. Kingson, Jennifer A. "Exclusive: $1 billion-plus riot damage is most expensive in insurance history". Axios. Retrieved January 19, 2021.