Vasudev Balwant Phadke

Vasudev Balwant Phadke (4 November 1845 – 17 February 1883) was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary who sought India's independence from colonial rule. Phadke was moved by the plight of the farming community and believed that Swaraj was the only remedy for their ills. With the help of the Koli, Bhil and Dhangar communities in the region, he formed a revolutionary group of the Ramoshi people. The group started an armed struggle to overthrow the colonial government, launching raids on wealth European businessmen to obtain funds for the purpose. Phadke came to prominence when he got control of the city of Pune for a few days after catching colonial soldiers off-guard during one a surprise attack.

Vasudev Balwant Phadke
Bust of Phadke in Mumbai
Born(1845-11-04)4 November 1845
Shirdhon village, Panvel taluka, Raigad district, British India
Died17 February 1883(1883-02-17) (aged 37)
OccupationRevolutionary and Indian independence activist

Early years
Vasudev Balwant Phadke house at Shirdhon village

Phadke was born on 4 November 1845 in Shirdhon village of Panvel taluka, now in Raigad district, Maharashtra. As a child, he preferred learning skills like wrestling, riding over high school education and dropped out of school. Eventually he moved to Pune and took the job as a clerk with military accounts department in Pune for 15 years. Krantiveer Lahuji Vastad Salve a then prominent social figure based in Pune was his mentor. Salve, an expert wrestler, operated a TALIM (training center for wrestling). Salve preached the importance of independence from colonial rule. Salve belonged to the Mang community, an untouchable community, taught Phadke the importance of getting backward castes into mainstream independence movement.[1] It was during this period that Phadke began attending lectures by Mahadeo Govind Ranade which mainly focused on how the economic policies of the colonial government hurt the Indian economy. Phadke was deeply hurt by how this was leading to widespread ill-effects in the society. In 1870, he joined a public agitation in Pune that was aimed at addressing people's grievances. Phadke founded an institution, the Aikya Vardhini Sabha, to educate the youth. While working as clerk, he was not able to see his dying mother due to the delay in approval of his leave. This incident enraged Phadke and was to be the turning point in his life.[2]

Co-founding of Maharashtra Education Society

Phadke was one the earliest person graduate from a British-established institution in Bombay presidency.[3] In 1860, along with fellow social reformers and revolutionaries Laxman Narhar Indapurkar and Waman Prabhakar Bhave, Phadke co-founded the Poona Native Institution (PNI) which was later renamed as the Maharashtra Education Society (MES). Through the PNI, he went on set up Bhave School in Pune. Today, the MES runs over 77 institutions in various parts of Maharashtra.[4]

Rebellion

In 1875, after the then Gaekwad ruler of Baroda was deposed by the colonial government, Phadke launched protest speeches against the government. Severe famine coupled with the apathy of the colonial administration propelled him to tour the Deccan region, urging people to strive for an independent Indian republic. Unable to get support from the educated classes, he gathered a band of people from the Ramoshi caste. People from the Kolis, Bhils and Dhangars were also included later. He taught himself to shoot, ride and fence. He organised around 300 men into an insurgent group that aimed at gaining Indian independence from colonial rule. Phadke intended to build an army of own but lacking funds they decided to break into government treasuries. The first raid was done in a village called Dhamari in Shirur taluka in Pune district. The income tax which was collected and sent to the colonial government was kept in the house of local business man Balchand Fojmal Sankla. They attacked the house and took the money for the benefit of famine stricken villagers. There they collected about four hundred rupees but this led to his being branded as a dacoit. To save himself Phadke had to flee from village to village, sheltered by his sympathisers and well-wishers, mostly the lower class of the society. Impressed by his zeal and determination, the villagers of Nanagaum offered him protection and cover in the local forest. The general plot would be to cut off all the communications of British forces and then raid the treasury. The main purpose of these raids was to feed famine-affected farmer communities. Phadke performed many such raids in areas near Shirur and Khed talukas in Pune.

Meanwhile, the leader of Ramoshi, Daulatrav Naik, who was the main supporter of Phadke, headed towards the Konkan area on the western coast. On 10–11 May 1879, they raided Palaspe and Chikhali, looting around 1.5 lakh rupees. While returning towards Ghat Matha, Major Daniel attacked Naik, who was shot dead. His death was a setback to Phadke's revolt: the loss of support forced him to move south to the Shri Shaila Mallikarjun shrine. Later, Phadke recruited about 500 Rohilas to begin a fresh fight.

Capture and death

Phadke's plans to organise several simultaneous attacks against the colonial government nationwide were met with very limited success. He once had a direct engagement with the colonial army in the village of Ghanur, whereafter the government offered a bounty for his capture. Not to be outdone, Phadke in turned offered a bounty for the capture of the Governor of Bombay, announced a reward for the killing of each European, and issued other threats to the government. He then fled to Hyderabad State to recruit Rohilla and Arabs into his organisation. A British Major, Henry William Daniell and Abdul Haque, Police Commissioner to the Nizam of Hyderabad, pursued the fleeing Phadke day and night. The British move to offer a bounty for his capture met with success: someone betrayed Phadke, and he was captured in a temple after a fierce fight at the district of Kaladgi on 20 July 1879 while he was on his way to Pandharpur.

From here he was taken to Pune for trial. Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi, also known as Sarvajanik Kaka, defended his case.[5] Phadke and his comrades were housed in the district session court jail building, near Sangam bridge, which now happens to be the state C.I.D. building. His own diary provided evidence to have him sentenced for life. Phadke was transported to jail at Aden, but escaped from the prison by taking the door off from its hinges on 13 February 1883. He was soon recaptured and then went on a hunger strike, dying on 17 February 1883.[6]

Recognition
Phadke on a 1984 stamp of India

Phadke became known as the father of the Indian armed rebellion in that he provided the inspiration for fellow members of the independent movement. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's patriotic novel Anand Math incorporated various contemporary acts performed by Phadke during his activities. As the colonial government did not like this, Bankim had to print up to five editions of the book to tone down these stories.[7]

In 1984, the Indian Postal Service issued a 50 paise stamp in honour of Phadke.[8] A chowk in South Mumbai near Metro Cinema is named in his honour.

Vasudev Balwant Phadke, a Marathi movie directed by Gajendra Ahire, was released in December 2007.

See also

References
  1. O'Hanlon, Rosalind (2002). Caste, Conflict and Ideology:: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and low caste protest in nineteenth-century western India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-521-52308-7.
  2. Khan, Mohammad Shabbir (1992). Tilak and Gokhale: a comparative study of their socio-politico-economic programmes of reconstruction. Ashish Pub. House. p. 3.
  3. "Vasudev Balwant Phadke was one of the earliest graduates from the Bombay University in 1862". Indore(M.P.), India. 25 January 2020.
  4. "Celebrations as MES turns 150". DNS. 18 November 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  5. Rao, Parimala V. (24 January 2009). "New Insights into the Debates on Rural Indebtedness in 19th Century Deccan" (PDF). Economic & Political Weekly. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  6. Rigopoulos, Antonio (2 April 1998). Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity. SUNY Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-7914-3696-7.
  7. Das, Sisir (1991). A History of Indian Literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 213. ISBN 81-7201-006-0.
  8. Vasudeo Balwant Phadke. Indianpost.com (21 February 1984). Retrieved on 2018-12-11.
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