Unique key

In database relational modeling and implementation, a unique key (also known as a candidate key or just a key) is a set of attributes (columns) within a relational database table (also called a relation), such that:

  1. the table does not have two distinct rows or records with the same values for these columns;
  2. this set of columns is minimal; i.e., removing any column from the key would result in duplicate values in the resulting subset.

When a column or set of columns is defined as unique to the database management system, the system verifies that each set of values is unique before assigning the constraint. After the columns are defined as unique, an error will occur if an insertion is attempted with values that already exist. Some systems will not allow key values to be updated, all systems will not allow duplicates. This ensures that uniqueness is maintained in both the primary table and any relations that are later bound to it.

Summary

Keys provide the means for database users and application software to identify, access and update information in a database table. There may be several keys in any given table. For example, in a table of employees, both employee number and login name are individually unique. The enforcement of a key constraint (i.e. a uniqueness constraint) in a table is also a data integrity feature of the database. The DBMS prevents updates that would cause duplicate key values and thereby ensures that tables always comply with the desired rules for uniqueness. Proper selection of keys when designing a database is therefore an important aspect of database integrity.

A relational database table may have one or more available unique keys (formally called candidate keys). One of those keys per table may be designated the primary key; other keys are called alternate keys.

Any key may consist of one or more attributes. For example, a Social Security Number might be a single attribute key for an employee; a combination of flight number and date might be a key consisting of two attributes for a scheduled flight.

There are several types of keys used in database modeling and implementations.

Key Name Definition
Simple A key made from only one attribute.
Concatenated A key made from more than one attribute joined together as a single key, such as part or whole name with a system generated number appended as often used for E-mail addresses.
Compound A key made from at least two attributes or simple keys, only simple keys exist in a compound key.
Composite Like a compound key, but the individual attributes need not be simple keys.
Natural A key made from data that exists outside the current database. In other words, the data is not system generated, such as a social security number imported from another system.
Surrogate An artificial key made from data that is system assigned or generated when another candidate key exists. Surrogate keys are usually numeric ID values and often used for performance reasons.
Candidate A key that may become the primary key.
Primary The key that is selected as the primary key. Only one key within an entity is selected to be the primary key. This is the key that is allowed to migrate to other entities to define the relationships that exist among the entities. When the data model is instantiated into a physical database, it is the key that the system uses the most when accessing the table, or joining the tables together when selecting data.
Alternate A non-primary key that can be used to identify only one row in a table. Alternate keys may be used like a primary key in a single-table select.
Foreign A key that has migrated to another entity.

At the most basic definition, "a key is a unique identifier",[1] so unique key is a pleonasm. Keys that are within their originating entity are unique within that entity. Keys that migrate to another entity may or may not be unique, depending on the design and how they are used in the other table. Foreign keys may be the primary key in another table; for example a PersonID may become the EmployeeID in the Employee table. In this case, the EmployeeID is both a foreign key and the unique primary key, meaning that the tables have a 1:1 relationship. In the case where the person entity contained the biological father ID, the father ID would not be expected to be unique because a father may have more than one child.

Here is an example of a primary key becoming a foreign key on a related table. ID migrates from the Author table to the Book table.

Author Table Schema:

Author(ID, Name, Address, Born)

Book Table Schema:

Book(ISBN, AuthorID, Title, Publisher, Price)

Here ID serves as the primary key in the table 'Author', but also as AuthorID serves as a Foreign Key in the table 'Book'. The Foreign Key serves as the link, and therefore the connection, between the two related tables in this sample database.

In a relational database, a candidate key uniquely identifies each row of data values in a database table. A candidate key comprises a single column or a set of columns in a single database table. No two distinct rows or data records in a database table can have the same data value (or combination of data values) in those candidate key columns since NULL values are not used. Depending on its design, a database table may have many candidate keys but at most one candidate key may be distinguished as the primary key.

A key constraint applies to the set of tuples in a table at any given point in time. A key is not necessarily a unique identifier across the population of all possible instances of tuples that could be stored in a table but it does imply a data integrity rule that duplicates should not be allowed in the database table. Some possible examples of keys are Social Security Numbers, ISBNs, vehicle registration numbers or user login names.

In principle any key may be referenced by foreign keys. Some SQL DBMSs only allow a foreign key constraint against a primary key but most systems will allow a foreign key constraint to reference any key of a table.

Defining keys in SQL

The definition of keys in SQL:

  ALTER TABLE <table identifier> 
      ADD [ CONSTRAINT <constraint identifier> ] 
      { PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE } ( <column name> [ {, <column name>}... ] )

Likewise, keys can be defined as part of the CREATE TABLE SQL statement.

  CREATE TABLE table_name (
     id_col   INT,
     col2     CHARACTER VARYING(20),
     key_col  SMALLINT NOT NULL,
     ...
     CONSTRAINT key_unique UNIQUE(key_col),
     ...
  )

  CREATE TABLE table_name (
     id_col  INT  PRIMARY KEY,
     col2    CHARACTER VARYING(20),
     ...
     key_col  SMALLINT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
     ...
  )

Differences between Primary Key constraint and Unique constraint

Primary Key constraint

  1. A primary key cannot allow null (a primary key cannot be defined on columns that allow nulls).
  2. Each table cannot have more than one primary key.
  3. On some RDBMS a primary key generates a clustered index by default.

Unique constraint

  1. A unique constraint can be defined on columns that allow nulls, in which case rows that include nulls may not actually be unique across the set of columns defined by the constraint.
  2. Each table can have multiple unique constraints.
  3. On some RDBMS a unique constraint generates a nonclustered index by default.

Note that unlike the PRIMARY KEY constraint a UNIQUE constraint does not imply NOT NULL for the columns participating in the constraint. NOT NULL must be specified to make the column(s) a key. It is possible to put UNIQUE constraints on nullable columns but the SQL standard states that the constraint does not guarantee uniqueness of nullable columns (uniqueness is not enforced for rows where any of the columns contains a null).

According to the SQL[2] standard a unique constraint does not enforce uniqueness in the presence of nulls and can therefore contain several rows with identical combinations of nulls and non-null values — however not all RDBMS implement this feature according to the SQL standard.[3][4]

See also

References
  1. Awad, Elias (1985), Systems Analysis and Design, Second Edition, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., ISBN 0-256-02824-9
  2. Summary of ANSI/ISO/IEC SQL Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  3. "Constraints - SQL Database Reference Material - Learn sql, read an sql manual, follow an sql tutorial, or learn how to structure an SQL query!". www.sql.org. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  4. "Comparison of different SQL implementations". troels.arvin.dk. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
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