Tzachas

Tzachas (Greek: Τζαχᾶς), also known as Chaka Bey (Turkish: Çaka Bey)[dn 1] was an 11th-century Seljuk Turkish military commander who ruled an independent state based in Smyrna. Originally in Byzantine service, he rebelled and seized Smyrna, much of the Aegean coastlands of Asia Minor and the islands lying off shore in 1088–91. At the peak of his power, he even declared himself Byzantine emperor, and sought to assault Constantinople in conjunction with the Pechenegs. In 1092, a Byzantine naval expedition under John Doukas inflicted a heavy defeat on him and retook Lesbos, while in the next year he was treacherously slain by his son-in-law Kilij Arslan I. Smyrna and the rest of Tzachas' former domain were recovered by the Byzantines a few years later, in c. 1097.

Tzachas Çaka
Bey
Modern representation of Tzachas in the Istanbul Naval Museum
1st Bey of Smyrna
Reign	c. 1081 ‒ 1093
Successor	Son of Tzachas (name unknown)
Born	Unknown
Died	1093 Sultanate of Rum
Issue	Ayşe Hatun
Religion	Islam

Life

Very little is known about his life, and that mostly from only one source, the Alexiad of the Byzantine princess Anna Komnene, daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118). He is also mentioned in the 13th-century Danishmendname as Chavuldur Chaka (Turkish: Çavuldur Çaka),[1] but it is not a very reliable source due to the semi-legendary nature of its material.[2]

According to the Alexiad, Tzachas was originally a raider, who was taken as a prisoner by the Byzantines during the reign of Nikephoros III Botaneiates (r. 1078–1081). Tzachas entered Byzantine service and advanced rapidly through imperial favour, receiving the title of protonobilissimus and rich gifts. However, when Alexios I Komnenos deposed Botaneiates in 1081, Tzachas lost his position and fled Byzantium.[2][3]

From ca. 1088 on, he used his base at Smyrna to wage war against the Byzantines. Employing Christian craftsmen, he built a fleet, with which he captured Phocaea and the eastern Aegean islands of Lesbos (except for the fortress of Methymna), Samos, Chios and Rhodes. A Byzantine fleet under Niketas Kastamonites was sent against him, but Tzachas defeated it in battle.[3][4] Some modern scholars have speculated that his activities during this time may have been in conjunction, and perhaps even coordination, with two contemporary Byzantine rebels, Rhapsomates in Cyprus, and Karykes in Crete.[2]

In 1090/91, the Byzantines under Constantine Dalassenos recovered Chios.[3][5] Undeterred, Tzachas rebuilt his forces, and resumed his attacks, even proclaiming himself emperor (basileus) and seeking to conclude an alliance against Alexios I with the Pechenegs in Thrace for a joint attack on Constantinople.[2][3] In 1092, Dalassenos and the new megas doux, John Doukas, were sent against Tzachas, and attacked the fortress of Mytilene on Lesbos. Tzachas resisted for three months, but finally had to negotiate a surrender of the fortress. During his return to Smyrna, Dalassenos attacked the Turkish fleet, which was almost destroyed.[3][6]

According to the Alexiad, in spring 1093, Tzachas attacked the port of Abydos in the Sea of Marmara. Alexios I called upon the Sultan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Kilij Arslan I (r. 1092–1107), who was married to Tzachas's daughter Ayşe Hatun and was thus his son-in-law, to attack Tzachas from the rear. The Sultan advanced to Abydos, where, at the pretext of inviting Tzachas to a banquet, he had his father-in-law murdered.[3][7] However, c. 1097 a "Tzachas"—possibly the original Tzachas' son—is reported as still holding Smyrna when the Byzantine army under John Doukas recaptured the city.[2][3][8]

Legacy

Turkish Naval Forces officially consider 1081, the capture of Smyrna by Tzachas, as its founding date.[9]

See also

• Seljuk campaigns in the Aegean

Footnotes

1. "Tzachas" is the Hellenized form of a Turkish name which does not appear in any historical documents, but was likely "Chaka", "Chagha", or "Chaqan". The name "Chaka", in the modern Turkish alphabet "Çaka", prevailed especially in modern Turkey, after Akdes Nimet Kurat used it in his work Çaka: Orta Zamanda İzmir ve Yakınındaki Adaların Türk Hakimi, Istanbul, 1936, ... yüksek siyasî ve askerî görüş sahibi olarak büyük önem taşıyan bu bey'in adının gerçek söylenişi henüz tamamen kesinliğe kavuşmuş değildir. Bu hususta şimdiye kadar üç ihtimal ileri sürülmüştür: Çaka, Çağa, Çakan. AN Kurat'ın bunu "Çaka" kabûl ederek eserini de "Çaka Bey" diye adlandırması, özellikle memleketimizde Çaka şeklinin yaygınlaşmasına yol açmıştır denebilir. (Tarih Dergisi, Cilt 20, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, İbrahim Horoz Basımevi, 1983, p. 56.)

References

1. Alexander Daniel Beihammer, (2017), Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040-1130, p. 272
2. Mallett 2013
3. Brand 1991, p. 2134.
4. Anna Komnene. Alexiad, VII.8 (Dawes 1928, p. 183).
5. Anna Komnene. Alexiad, VII.8 (Dawes 1928, pp. 183–187).
6. Anna Komnene. Alexiad, IX.1 (Dawes 1928, pp. 214–217).
7. Anna Komnene. Alexiad, IX.3 (Dawes 1928, pp. 219–220).
8. Anna Komnene. Alexiad, XI.5 (Dawes 1928, p. 281)
9. "Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı Tarihçesi" (in Turkish). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı. Çaka Bey, İzmir’de o döneme göre modern sayılabilecek bir tersane yaptırmış ve tersane civarındaki bölgeyi deniz üs kompleksine dönüştürmüştür. Bu aşamadan sonra gemi inşa faaliyetlerine geçilmiş, kürekli ve yelkenli gemilerden oluşan 50 parçalık ilk Türk Donanması 1081 yılında inşa edilmiştir. Bu yıl, Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri açısından son derece önemlidir. Çünkü, 1081 yılı Deniz Kuvvetlerinin kuruluş yılı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Aynı yıl Emir Çaka Bey, ilk Türk Donanması ile Ege’nin sıcak sularına yelken açmıştır.

Sources

• Brand, Charles M. (1991). "Tzachas". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2134. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
• Dawes, Elizabeth A., ed. (1928). The Alexiad. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Mallett, Alex (2013). "Çaka Bey". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27581. ISSN 1873-9830. Retrieved 23 February 2015.

Further reading

• Brand, Charles M. (1989). "The Turkish element in Byzantium, eleventh-twelfth centuries". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 43: 1–25. doi:10.2307/1291603. JSTOR 1291603.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Savvides, Alexis G.C. (1982). "Ο Σελτζούκος εμίρης της Σμύρνης Τζαχάς (Çaka) και οι επιδρομές του στα μικρασιατικά παράλια, τα νησιά του ανατολικού Αιγαίου και την Κωνσταντινούπολη". Χιακά Χρονικά (in Greek). Athens. 14: 9–24.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Savvides, Alexis G.C. (1984). "Ο Σελτζούκος εμίρης της Σμύρνης Τζαχάς (Çaka) και οι επιδρομές του στα μικρασιατικά παράλια, τα νησιά του ανατολικού Αιγαίου και την Κωνσταντινούπολη". Χιακά Χρονικά (in Greek). Athens. 16: 51–66.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Savvides, Alexis G.C. (2000). "Can we refer to a concerted action among Rapsomates, Caryces and the Emir Tzachas between A.D. 1091 and 1093". Byzantion. 70: 122–134.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)