Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests are a tropical forest habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. These forests are found predominantly in North and Central America and experience low levels of precipitation and moderate variability in temperature. Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests are characterized by diverse species of conifers, whose needles are adapted to deal with the variable climatic conditions.[1] Most tropical and subtropical coniferous forest ecoregions are found in the Nearctic and Neotropical realms, from the Mid-Atlantic states to Nicaragua and on the Greater Antilles, Bahamas, and Bermuda. Other tropical and subtropical coniferous forests ecoregions occur in Asia. Mexico harbors the world's richest and most complex subtropical coniferous forests.[2] The conifer forests of the Greater Antilles contain many endemics and relictual taxa.[1][3]

Extent of Tropical and subtropical coniferous forest regions

Many migratory birds and butterflies spend winter in tropical and subtropical conifer forests. This biome features a thick, closed canopy which blocks light to the floor and allows little underbrush. As a result, the ground is often covered with fungi and ferns. Shrubs and small trees compose a diverse understory.[1]

Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests ecoregions
Indomalayan tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
Himalayan subtropical pine forests Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan
Luzon tropical pine forests Philippines
Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests Myanmar, India
Sumatran tropical pine forests Indonesia
Bahamian pineyards The Bahamas
Belizian pine forests Belize
Central American pine-oak forests El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua
Cuban pine forests Cuba
Hispaniolan pine forests Haiti, Dominican Republic
Miskito pine forests Honduras, Nicaragua
Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests Mexico
Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests Mexico
Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests Mexico
Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests Mexico
Bermuda subtropical conifer forests Bermuda
Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests Mexico, United States
Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests Mexico, United States

See also

References
  1.  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license. World Wide Fund for Nature. "Tropical and Suptropical Coniferous Forest Ecoregions". Archived from the original on 2010-05-12.
  2. Perry, JP Jr. (1991). The pines of Mexico and Central America. Portland, Oregon, USA: Timber Press.
  3. Borhidi, A (1991). Phytogeography and vegetation ecology of Cuba. Budapest, Hungary: Akadémiai Kiadó.
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