Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan

The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA), also known as the Afghan Transitional Authority, was the name of a temporary administration of Afghanistan put in place by the loya jirga of June 2002. It succeeded the original Islamic State of Afghanistan and preceded the current Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan دولت اسلامی انتقالی افغانستان
2002-2004
Flag Emblem
Motto: lā ʾilāha ʾillà l-Lāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu l-Lāh لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله "There is no god except Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah"
Anthem: قلعه اسلام قلب اسیا (English: "Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia")
Status	Transitional government
Capital	Kabul
Common languages	Pashto, Dari
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Transitional government
Historical era	Global War on Terrorism
• 2002 Loya jirga	13 July 2002
• Islamic Republic established	26 January 2004
Currency	Afghan afghani (AFA)
Calling code	93
Preceded by Succeeded by Islamic State of Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Today part of	Afghanistan

Background

Following the invasion of Afghanistan, a UN-sponsored conference of a few Afghan leaders in Bonn led to the appointment of the Afghan Interim Administration under the chairmanship of Hamid Karzai. However, this Interim Administration, which was not broadly representative, was scheduled to last for only six months, before being replaced by a Transitional Administration. The move to this second stage would require the convening of a traditional Afghan "grand assembly", called a Loya Jirga. This Emergency Loya Jirga elected a new Head of State and appointed the Transitional Administration, which, in turn, would run the country for a maximum of two more years until a "fully representative government" could be elected through free and fair elections.[1]

History

Electing a head of state

The most important thing the Loya Jirga had to do was to choose a president for the Transitional Administration who would lead the country until the official presidential elections in 2004. Initially, there were two candidates who had declared to run: former president of Afghanistan and Northern Alliance leader Burhanuddin Rabbani and the American-backed chairman of the Afghan Interim Administration Hamid Karzai. Karzai was also supported by Abdullah Abdullah and Mohammad Fahim, two important leaders of the Northern Alliance. A third possible candidate was Zahir Shah, former king of Afghanistan until 1973. He had spent years living in Rome but had returned to Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban regime. Already at the Bonn Conference which installed the interim administration there was a group of supporters of Zahir Shah, called the Rome-group, who wanted to take the former king to take up the position of head of state.

Upon arrival in Kabul, more than 800 delegates signed a petition urging the nomination of Zahir Shah as Head of State, if only as a figurehead. In view of the speculation, which the petition aroused, United States and United Nations representatives pressed the former King to withdraw. The start of the Loya Jirga was delayed from 10 to 11 June because of "logistical and preparatory problems." On 10 June the American representative Zalmay Khalilzad gave a press conference in which he declared that Zahir Shah was not a candidate. The same day, in a press conference of Zahir Shah the former king confirmed this and said "I have no intention of restoring the monarchy. I am not a candidate for any position in the Loya Jirga."[1] Hamid Karzai, who sat next to Zahir Shah at the press conference called Zahir Shah the "father of the nation" and thanked him for the "confidence His Majesty has put in me."[1] The next day former President Burhanuddin Rabbani withdrew his candidacy for Head of State in favour of Hamid Karzai "for the sake of national unity"[1]

So it looked like Karzai would go into the race for head of government uncontested, but two other candidates emerged. To be on the ballot at the Loya Jirga a candidate had to submit 150 signatures for his candidacy. Glam Fareq Majidi gathered only 101 signatures, so he was disqualified as a candidate. Former mujahedeen fighter, Mohammed Asef Mohsoni submitted a list with 1,050 names for Karzai and also Masooda Jalal, a woman doctor working with the World Food Programme, and Mahfoz Nadai, an Uzbek army officer, poet and a deputy government minister gathered enough signatures to be on the ballot.[2]

The election for president of the transitional administration was held by secret ballot on 13 June 2002 — with black-and-white photos of the candidates adjacent to their names. Hamid Karzai was chosen with an overwhelming majority of 83% and stayed in office as President.

Elections for President of Transitional Administration, by the 2002 Loya Jirga

Candidates	Votes	%
Hamid Karzai	1,295	83%
Masooda Jalal	171	11%
Mahfoz Nadai	89	6%
Total Votes	1555	100%

Appointing the government ministers

On 18 June, the day that Karzai would present his cabinet to the Loya Jirga he told the loya jirga that he needed one more day to make his final list.

On 19 June, the last day of the Loya Jirga, Karzai announced to the Loya Jirga the names of 14 ministers of the future Afghan transitional administration, including three Vice-Presidents. He also named a Chief Justice. "Do you accept this Cabinet," Karzai asked the loya jirga. After hands went up in support, he said, "All have accepted it and I am happy about it." This led to some controversy, since delegates stated that there had not been a proper vote and that the cabinet had not been democratically selected, but was the result of political negotiations parallel at the loya jirga.[1]

All three posts of Vice-President Karzai named were given to commanders of the Northern Alliance though Karzai was careful to make sure none of the vice-presidents were from the same ethnic background. After the Loya Jirga there was some controversies about the government Karzai had named and several names were added to the list before the actual cabinet was sworn in on 24 June, to appease certain factions within Afghanistan. On 22 June Karzai presented the more cabinet members, making the total number of ministers 29. This cabinet was installed at 24 June 2002. But due to controversy around the post of Woman's Affairs Minister this point stayed vacant. Before the end of June Karzai named a Stat adviser to the Women's Affairs Ministry and later also a formal Women's Affairs Minister. In these last days of June Karzai also added two more vice-presidents and another National Security Adviser.

More Pashtun representation

The interim government was for a great deal dominated by Tajik warlords from the Northern Alliance, so the Pashtun majority wanted the following transitional administration to be more representative. In the original administration 9 of the 29 ministers were of Pashtun ethnic origin, in the new administration there were 13 Pashtun ministers among the 30 ministers. The rest of the cabinet was made up of 7 Tajiks, 3 Uzbeks, 2 Hazaras, 2 non-Hazara Shi'ites, and 1 Turkmen.[3]

Cabinet of warlords

The Pasthun element in the Transitional administration was stronger than in the interim administration and the loya jirga was meant in part to increase civilian influence in the government. However, in many ways Afghanistan's military factions and warlords increased and further legitimized their power during the loya jirga. During and after the loya jirga, army and police officials threatened, imprisoned, and even killed candidates to stop them from running for the loya jirga, or to intimidate them from acting independently[4] The Northern Alliance still dominated the government. The three vice-presidents Karzai announced on the Loya Jirga, Khalili, Qadir and Fahim were all Northern Alliance commanders, although none of them had the same ethnic background. The powerful Tajik Jamiat-e Islami trio Fahim, Qanuni and Abdullah kept important positions in the new cabinet.

The powerful warlord Ismail Khan was not part of the administration, but he was represented by his son, Mir Wais Saddiq. However Saddiq was assassinated in 2004 while being in office as minister. Another powerful warlord, the Uzbek Abdul Rashid Dostum was also not part of the cabinet, however there was one Uzbek more in the transitional administration than in the interim administration.

In the years after the government was put in place, President Karzai made some efforts to limit the worst effects of warlord dominance, for example by replacing the relatively weak Pashtun who led the ministry of Interior by the more reform-minded Ali Ahmad Jalali.[4]

Adding royalists

At the Loya Jirga Karzai named former King Zahir Shah the Father of the Nation. However, some of the king's supporters thought that an honorary title wasn't enough for the king and they had rather seen him in an official position as president, with Karzai in a position as prime minister. Also, two of the Kings loyalist Hedayat Amin Arsala and Abdul Rassoul Amin had lost the position they had in the interim government. Because the members loyal to Zahir Shah, united in the 'Rome group' thought they had to less influence, Karzai added in end June Zalmay Rassoul as Security Adviser and Amin Arsala as a fifth vice-president.

Western-schooled intellectuals

Karzai was also under pressure to put some highly educated Afghans on the administration who had become refugees during the Communist rule or Taliban rule of Afghanistan and had been schooled by western universities. The most remarkable person Karzai put in his administration was Ashraf Ghani, who worked at the World Bank, as Finance Minister. Juma Mohammedi who became Mines Minister was also a World Bank employee. The new Interior Minister, Taj Mohammad Wardak, held American citizenship, as did Ali Ahmad Jalali, who replaced him as Interior Minister in January 2003.

Opposition from Yunus Qanuni

Because of this issue of Pashtun under representation, Yunus Qanuni, one of the important Northern Alliance leaders, told the opening session he would be resigning as minister of the important post of interior so Karzai could strengthen the national government by broadening its ethnic mix. Yunus Qanuni, the former Interior minister, was unhappy with the post of Education Minister he had been assigned, since he had expected to become something like prime minister. Qanuni said he considered not joining the government at all. The rank-and-file Panjshiri troops who dominate the Interior Ministry temporarily blocked off the roads around the Interior Ministry complex in Kabul on 20 and 21 June and brandished weapons to demonstrate that their loyalties remain with Qanuni. They denied the New Interior Minister, the 80-year-old Taj Mohammad Wardak, access to the Interior ministry.[5] After Karzai appointed Qanuni special adviser on security, through which he retained unofficial control over the Afghan intelligence apparatus and became de facto supervisor of Wardak, he decided to join the administration anyway, but he also formed a party outside of the government and run for president in the next elections.[1]

Women's affairs

There was also controversy around the post of minister for woman's affairs: Interim Women's Affairs Minister Sima Samar had been very outspoken and she had been threatened and complaints against here were filed by the supreme court who eventually decided not to charge her with blasphemy. Because at the Loya Jirga Samar wasn't on the list there was initially no minister appointed for woman's affairs. Karzai later appointed Government Mahbuba Huquqmal as State Representative in the Women's Affairs Ministry and after that Habiba Sarabi as formal minister of Women's Affairs.

The killing of Abdul Qadir

The Pashtun vice-president was Abdul Qadir, one of the few Northern Alliance commanders of Pashtun ethnic origin. On July 6, 2002, Qadir and his son-in-law were killed by gunmen in a surprise attack with unknown motive. In 2004, one man was sentenced to death and two others to prison sentences for the killing.[6]

Composition of the Transitional Administration

Afghan Transitional Administration
Date formed	13 July 2002
Date dissolved	7 December 2004
People and organisations
Head of state	Hamid Karzai
Head of government	Hamid Karzai
No. of ministers	28
Total no. of members	28
History
Predecessor	Afghan Interim Administration
Successor	First Karzai cabinet

Transitional Afghan Ministers[7]

Transitional Authority Position	Name	Ethnicity	Incumbent/New
President	Hamid Karzai	Pashtun	Incumbent (before chairman)
Vice-President and Defense Minister	Mohammed Fahim	Tajik	Incumbent
Vice-President	Karim Khalili	Hazara	New
Vice-President	Hedayat Amin Arsala	Pashtun	New (was Finance Minister)
Vice-President and Public Works Minister	Abdul Qadir Abdul Ali	Pashtun	New (was Urban Affairs Minister) (killed on July 6, 2002) New (Ali only took over the Public Works portfolio after July 6, 2002
Vice-President and head of the Afghan Constitution Commission	Nematullah Shahrani	Uzbek	New
Special Advisor on Security and Education Minister	Yunus Qanooni	Tajik	Incumbent (Special Advisor on Security is new post)
Foreign Minister	Abdullah Abdullah	Tajik	Incumbent
Finance Minister	Ashraf Ghani	Pashtun	New
Interior Minister	Taj Mohammed Wardak Ali Ahmad Jalali	Pashtun Pashtun	New New (Jalali replaced Wardak in Januari 2003)
Planning Minister	Mohammed Mohaqqeq	Hazara	Incumbent (but lost role as vice-chair)
Communications Minister	Masoom Stanakzai	Pashtun	New
Borders Minister	Arif Nurzai	Pashtun	New (was Small Industries Minister)
Refugees Minister	Intayatullah Nazeri	Tajik	Incumbent
Mines Minister	Juma Muhammad Muhammadi	Pashtun	New
Light Industries Minister	Mohammed Alim Razm	Uzbek	Incumbent
Health Minister	Sohaila Siddiqi	Pashtun	Incumbent
Commerce Minister	Sayed Mustafa Kasemi	Shiite Muslim	Incumbent
Agriculture Minister	Sayed Hussain Anwari	Hazara	Incumbent
Justice Minister	Abbas Karimi	Uzbek	Incumbent
Information and Culture Minister	Saeed Makhdoom Rahim	Tajik	Incumbent
Reconstruction Minister	Mohammed Fahim Farhang	Pashtun	Incumbent
Haj and Mosques Minister	Mohammed Amin Naziryar	Pashtun	New
Urban Affairs Minister	Yusuf Pashtun Gul Agha Sherzai	Pashtun Pashtun	New New (Sherzai took over on August 16, 2003)
Water and Power Minister	Ahmed Shakar Karkar	Uzbek	Incumbent (but los role as Vice-chair)
Irrigation & Environment Minister	Ahmed Yusuf Nuristani	Pashtun	New
Martyrs and Disabled Minister	Abdullah Wardak	Pashtun	Incumbent
Higher Education Minister	Sharif Faez	Tajik	Incumbent
Civil Aviation & Tourism Minister	Mir Wais Saddiq	Tajik	New (was Labor and Social Affairs Minister)
Transportation Minister	Said Mohammad Ali Jawid	Shiite Muslim
Rural Development Minister	Hanif Asmar	Pashtun	New
Labor and Social Affairs Minister	Noor Mohammad Qarqin	Turkmen
Woman's Affairs Minister	Habiba Sarabi	Hazara	New
Supreme Court Chief Justice	Hadi Shinwari	Pashtun
Security Advisor	Zalmay Rassoul	Pashtun
State or Advisor-Minister for Women's Affairs	Mahbooba Hoquqmal	Pashtun
Governor of the Afghan Central Bank	Anwar ul-Haq Ahadi	Pashtun

References

1. Dick Gupwell (June 2002). "Loya Jirga Elects Karzai as New Head of State" (PDF). East Asia Bulletin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
2. "The Loya Jirga". Afghanland.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
3. Resource Information Center, United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. "Refworld | Afghanistan: Information on situation of Hazaras in post-Taliban Afghanistan". Refworld. Archived from the original on 2013-09-25. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
4. Human Rights Watch. "HRW: "Killing You is a Very Easy Thing For Us": Human Rights Abuses in Southeast Afghanistan: II. Background". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2017-05-21.
5. Ron Synovitz (2002-06-24). "Afghanistan: Qanuni's Security Post Solidifies Tajik Power Base In Government". Radio Free Europe. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
6. "Afghanistan". US Department of State. February 28, 2005. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
7. Thomas H. Johnson (February 2006). "The Prospects for Post-Conflict Afghanistan: A Call of the Sirens to the Country's Troubled Past" (PDF). V (2). Strategic Insights. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-24. Retrieved 2009-06-29.