Transfer molding

Transfer molding (BrE moulding) is a manufacturing process in which casting material is forced into a mold. Transfer molding is different from compression molding in that the mold is enclosed [Hayward] rather than open to the fill plunger resulting in higher dimensional tolerances and less environmental impact.[1] Compared to injection molding, transfer molding uses higher pressures to uniformly fill the mold cavity. This allows thicker reinforcing fiber matrices to be more completely saturated by resin.[1] Furthermore, unlike injection molding the transfer mold casting material may start the process as a solid. This can reduce equipment costs and time dependency. The transfer process may have a slower fill rate than an equivalent injection molding processes.[1]

Process
Figure 1: Transfer Molding basic process

The mold interior surfaces may be gel-coated. If desired, the mold is first pre-loaded with a reinforcing fiber matrix or preform.[1] Fiber content of a transfer molded composite can be as high as 60% by volume. The fill material may be a preheated solid or a liquid. It is loaded into a chamber known as the pot. A ram or plunger forces material from the pot into the heated mold cavity. If feed-stock is initially solid, the forcing pressure and mold temperature melt it. Standard mold features such as sprue channels, a flow gate and ejector pins may be used. The heated mold ensures that the flow remains liquid for complete filling. Once filled the mold can be cooled at a controlled rate for optimal thermoset curing.

Variations

The industry identifies a variety of processes within the transfer molding category. There are areas of overlap and the distinctions between each method may not be clearly defined.

Resin transfer molding
Figure 2: Resin Transfer Molding 1: Cope 2: Drag 3: Clamp 4: Mixing chamber 5: Fiber preform 6: Heated mold 7: Resin 8: Curative

Resin transfer molding (RTM) uses a liquid thermoset resin to saturate a fiber preform placed in a closed mold. The process is versatile and can fabricate products with embedded objects such as foam cores or other components in addition to the fiber preform.[2]

Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding

Vacuum assisted transfer molding (VARTM) uses a partial vacuum on one side of a fiber mat to pull the resin in for complete saturation. VARTM uses lower plunger forces which allows molding to be carried out with cheaper equipment. The use of a vacuum may allow the resin to adequately flow and or cure without heating.[3] This temperature independence allows thicker fiber preforms and larger product geometries to be economical. VARTM can produce parts with less porosity than regular transfer molding with a proportional increase in casting strength.[4]

Micro transfer molding

Also called transfer micromolding, micro transfer molding is a process that uses a mold to form then transfer structures as small as 30 nm onto thin films and microcircuitry.[5] Unlike normal scale transfer molding, the micro form can and is used with metals as well as non metals.[6]

Defects

Limiting defects is key when commercially producing any sort of material. Transfer molding is no exception. For example, voids in a transfer molded parts significantly reduce strength and modulus.[7] There can also be defects when fibers are used around sharp corners. The resin flow can create resin rich zones on the outside of these corners.[8]

Pressure distribution

There are several contributing factors to voids in the final product of transfer molding. One is a non uniform pressure distribution among the material being pressed into the mold. In this case the material folds in on itself and generates voids. Another is voids in the resin being forced into the mold beforehand. This may be obvious, but it is a main contributor. Things to be done to limit these molds include pressing the resin in at a high pressure, keeping the fiber distribution uniform, and using a high quality properly degassed base resin.

Sharp corners

Figure 3: Sharp corner generates voids in transfer molding

Sharp corners are the problems with all mold based manufacturing, including casting. Specifically in transfer molding corners can break fibers that have been placed in the mold and can create voids on the inside of corners. This effect is demonstrated in Figure 3 on the right. The limiting factor in these designs is the inner corner radius.[8] This inner radius limit varies depending on resin and fiber selection, but a rule of thumbs is the radius though be 3 to 5 times the laminate thickness.[8]

Materials

The material most commonly used for transfer molding is a thermoset polymer. This type of polymer is easy to mold and manipulate, but upon curing, hardens into a permanent form.[9] For simple homogeneous transfer molded parts, the part is simply made of this plastic substrate. On the other hand, resin transfer molding allows for a composite material to be made by placing a fiber within the mold and subsequently injecting the thermosetting polymer.[10]

Defects known as voids and dry resin (in the case of resin transfer molding) are possible in transfer molding and often are exacerbated by high viscosity materials. This is because a high viscosity plastic flowing through a thin mold may miss entire vacated areas, leaving air pockets. When air pockets are left in the presence of fiber, this creates a “dry” area, which prevents load from being transferred through the fibers in the dry area.

Materials used for the plastic are often polyurethanes or epoxy resins. Both of these are soft and malleable before curing, becoming much harder after setting. Materials used for fibers vary extensively, although common choices are carbon or Kevlar fibers, as well as organic fibers, such as hemp.[11]

References
  1. Ornaghi, Heitor Luiz; Bolner, Alexandre Sonaglio; Fiorio, Rudinei; Zattera, Ademir Jose; Amico, Sandro Campos (2010-10-15). "Mechanical and dynamic mechanical analysis of hybrid composites molded by resin transfer molding". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 118 (2): 887–896. doi:10.1002/app.32388. ISSN 1097-4628.
  2. Kendall, K. N.; Rudd, C. D.; Owen, M. J.; Middleton, V. (1992-01-01). "Characterization of the resin transfer moulding process". Composites Manufacturing. 3 (4): 235–249. doi:10.1016/0956-7143(92)90111-7.
  3. Heider, Dirk; Graf, A.; Fink, Bruce K.; Gillespie, Jr., John W. (1999-01-01). "Feedback control of the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process". Process Control and Sensors for Manufacturing II. 3589: 133–141. doi:10.1117/12.339956. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. Hayward, J. S.; Harris, B. (1990-09-01). "The effect of vacuum assistance in resin transfer moulding". Composites Manufacturing. 1 (3): 161–166. doi:10.1016/0956-7143(90)90163-Q.
  5. Cavallini, Massimiliano; Murgia, Mauro; Biscarini, Fabio (2002-01-02). "Direct patterning of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)-aluminum (III) thin film at submicron scale by modified micro-transfer molding". Materials Science and Engineering: C. Current Trends in Nanotechnologies: From Materials to Systems, Proceedings of Symposium S, EMRS Spring Meeting 2001, Strasbourg France. 19 (1–2): 275–278. doi:10.1016/S0928-4931(01)00398-8.
  6. Choi, Seong-O; Rajaraman, Swaminathan; Yoon, Yong-Kyu; Wu, Xiaosong; Allen, Mark G. (2006). "3-D patterned microstructures using inclined UV exposure and metal transfer micromolding" (PDF). Proc. Solid State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Workshop (Hilton Head, SC). Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  7. Kang, Moon Koo; Lee, Woo Il; Hahn, H. Thomas (2000-09-01). "Formation of microvoids during resin-transfer molding process". Composites Science and Technology. 60 (12–13): 2427–2434. doi:10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00036-1.
  8. Holmberg, J. A.; Berglund, L. A. (1997-01-01). "Manufacturing and performance of RTM U-beams". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 28 (6): 513–521. doi:10.1016/S1359-835X(97)00001-8.
  9. Pascault, Jean-Pierre; Sautereau, Henry; Verdu, Jacques; Williams, Roberto J. J. (2002-02-20). Thermosetting Polymers. CRC Press. ISBN 9780824744052.
  10. III, William H. Seemann (Feb 20, 1990), Plastic transfer molding techniques for the production of fiber reinforced plastic structures, retrieved 2016-03-08
  11. Rouison, David; Sain, Mohini; Couturier, M. (2006-06-01). "Resin transfer molding of hemp fiber composites: optimization of the process and mechanical properties of the materials". Composites Science and Technology. 66 (7–8): 895–906. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.07.040.
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