Tobacco-Free College Campuses

Tobacco-free college campuses refers to colleges and universities that have implemented policies prohibiting the use of tobacco products at all indoor and outdoor campus locations. Tobacco is known to be harmful to the health of smokers, bystanders, and the environment. Since this issue was first recognized, colleges have been creating policies for tobacco use on campus in an effort to improve health standards, provide more enjoyable campus conditions, and to reduce the negative environmental effects of tobacco.

Some schools simply prohibit smoking on campus, while other schools have prohibited all forms of tobacco, cannabis, and other substances. Each college has a slightly different tobacco policy, ranging in strictness and severity. Simply banning tobacco use on campus is not the only way colleges are working to prevent tobacco use. Many schools have cessation programs and continual support for students who are trying to stop using tobacco.

A banner for a smoke-free campus

History

In 1986, secondhand smoke was first recognized to be a possible health risk by the Surgeon General of the United States. Four years later, in 1990, San Luis Obispo, California, became the first city in the world to completely ban smoking in all public places. In 1993, secondhand smoke was officially labeled as a deadly carcinogen by the EPA. In 1998, The State of California followed San Luis Obispo's lead, banning smoking in all public places statewide. In 2006, 20 years after Surgeon General first recognized the potential risks of secondhand smoke, they released an official report condemning secondhand smoke to be undeniably harmful to health in any form. In 2012, they released another report, which focused on the enhanced effect smoking has on youth. The same year, the first public advertising campaign was launched, showing people who had terrible diseases which were directly caused by smoking.[1]

One of the primary concerns with tobacco has been its exposure to the youth. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 9 out of 10 smokers tried their first cigarette before the age of 18 and 98% of smokers began before the age of 26.[2] Considering in 2012 79% of college students were aged 18–24,[3] and in 2018 61% of college students were projected to be 25 and under,[4] a recipe for continued use of tobacco products by our youth is a pressing issue.

Many colleges have also chosen to restrict the use of electronic smoking devices, such as e-cigarettes. As of April 1, 2020 there are now at least 2,490 100% smokefree campus sites. Of these, 2,065 are 100% tobacco-free and 2,097 prohibit e-cigarette use.[5] These policies are part of the tobacco control movement to reduce cigarette smoking among college students and to protect people on campus from secondhand smoke.[6]

Policies overview

A tobacco-free campus program is much more than simply drafting a policy, getting it passed, and implementing it. It is important to raise awareness about the reasons why a campus is going tobacco-free so the programs also include a large educational component. Program work should also include cessation services, or services that help interested tobacco users to quit. While the actual tobacco-free campus policy is arguably the most important piece of this work, education and cessation support policy efforts and work to further change the tobacco norms on campus.[7]

A tobacco-free policy limits or eliminates the use of any tobacco product, including, but not limited to, cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, mini-cigars, hookah, spit tobacco, snus, and other smokeless products. It also often includes innovations in smoke or tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes. The primary concern of a tobacco-free policy is overall health and ethical behavior of the student body. Also, a comprehensive tobacco-free program may also address tobacco sales, marketing, sponsorship and investments.[8]

Policies by school

The School of Medicine of Central and Southern Illinois became Tobacco-Free in 2006 with the mission in mind over viewing an improvement in the health and well-being of the people and communities that they serve.[9]

University of California

All of the University of California (UC) campuses went tobacco free on January 1, 2004. The UC system states their reason for going 100% tobacco free as "While the use of tobacco is a personal choice, the health hazards related to smoking and exposure to second- and third-hand smoke are well-documented. These hazards can affect not only the smoker, but also the nonsmoker who is exposed to the smoke.As a leader in health care and environmental practices, the university recognizes its responsibility to exercise leadership through the creation of a smoke and tobacco-free environment for all students, employees and visitors at all UC campuses, medical centers and facilities."[10]

Statewide policies

Some states such as Louisiana have chosen to institute a statewide smoke-free policy for all educational institutions. Other states such as California have issued narrower bans.[11][12]

Washington State Colleges

There is a total of 17 college campuses across Washington State that institute a 100% Tobacco-free campus. The rest are in the process of implementing a 100% tobacco-free policy from a smoke-free or type of tobacco-free policy, or from no policy to 100% tobacco-free policy. These campuses range from Community Colleges to Public Universities and Private Universities as well. Most schools already have a smoke-free policy and are moving towards a 100% tobacco free-policy.[13]

Florida State Colleges

There is a total of 41 college campuses in Florida that institute a 100% smoke-free college campus. Their policy entails 100% ban on the use of conventional cigarettes. Areas of the policy include the following; campuses, parking lots, college-sponsored off-campus events and campus owned vehicles. Depending on the policy, e-cigarette use may be prohibited. The type of college ranges from Community Colleges to Public Universities and Private Universities as well. While starting with this smoke-free policy, the goal is to move towards a 100% tobacco-free campus.[14]

California Community Colleges

In May 2018, the Board of Governors voted to make all California Community Colleges tobacco free. A number of California Community Colleges had already made this policy change on their campus or had been working toward the goal of a 100% smoke and tobacco free policy. The rationale of the Board of Governors to pass this included reasons such as: tobacco is responsible for about 1 in 5 deaths, there is no safe level of secondhand smoke, and smoking on campus can lead to secondhand smoke entering buildings via open doors or windows and exposure when walking by a smoker.[12]

California State Universities

In 2016, Governor Jerry Brown vetoed legislation that would have banned smoking on all California State University (CSU) campuses because he believed that these campuses could make their own individual policies. In April 2017, the CSU Chancellor's office issued an executive order making all CSU campuses smoke and tobacco free. The California State University system states that they agree with the UC system on their rationale for the 100% tobacco free campuses.[15]

Effectiveness

In recent years, tobacco free campuses has been forefronted by the American Cancer Society's Tobacco-free Generation Campus Initiative. In cooperation with the CVS Health Foundation, since its foundation in 2016 the ACS has provided over 97 grants up to $20,000 to colleges across the country.[16]

The rising trend of university student smoking in the 1990s has declined in recent years.[17] Between 1993 to 1997, the percent of US students who smoked has increased from 22% to 28%. [18] However, between 2002 to 2016, the percentage of US college students who smoked has decreased by 47.4%. For smoking over the past 30 days, the percentage is 10.4%, while for the past 12 months, the percentage is 12.2%. [19]

Cessation programs vs. restricted availability

There are two primary devices utilized to reduce tobacco use on college campuses. One is to remove the option to smoke, and the other is to educate, inform and introduce cessation programs influencing users to quit. A 2005 study found that restriction of tobacco distribution and restriction of smoking within 20 feet of entrances were not as effective as smoking cessation programs in decreasing college students' smoking.[20] When prevention-oriented education was present on college campuses, students were 23% less likely to smoke compared to their peers who were not exposed to this kind of education.[20][21] This can be further substantiated by a more recent study which took place from September 2013 to May 2014. The study was conducted in which 1309 students at eight California Universities were surveyed periodically to assimilate the correlation of stricter tobacco policies compared to exposure of college students to secondhand cigarette smoke. The surveys statistics indicated as policy strictness increased, exposure to secondhand smoke decreased. After 30 days, student surveys showed smoking exposure drop from 81% to 38% as anti-tobacco policies strengthened. Percentages for entirely tobacco-free campuses ran as low as 3% after 6 months.[22]

Cessation support

Many schools are helping students quit using tobacco on campus by providing counseling, online support, and nicotine replacements such as gum, patches, and lozenges.[23] A 2014 survey found that 55% of responding Student Health Center staff asked their patients about their tobacco use at every visit, and 80% offered counseling to students who wished to quit. According to this survey, 54% of health care providers were specifically trained in effective intervention.[24]

Overall student health

Although it is quite clear from numerous surveys implementing tobacco-free policies highly reduces students exposure to secondhand smoke on campuses, it may have less of an overall affect than perceived. In Fall of 2006 an online survey of 4,160 students from 10 different colleges was conducted to acquire data of when and where students were exposed to cigarette smoke. The top three answers by students were restaurants/bars (65%), at home (55%) and in a car (38%). These percentages indicate the vast majority of secondhand smoke exposure experienced by students actually occurs off campus property. When taking this into consideration, it can be suggested that although any secondhand smoke is bad, anti-tobacco policies are more beneficial to active smokers.[25]

Success of the college initiative program and need for continued support

Tobacco policies seem to be less effective in areas of poverty and in community colleges. In 2014, an observational study performed by numerous tobacco truth organizations indicated areas where progress was more inhibited than others. Data collected indicated only 19% of community colleges in the U.S. had implemented a comprehensive tobacco-free policy and only one-third of historically black colleges. In an effort to improve these low statistics, an effort called the College Initiative Program was Established which created a 5-step program which included 135 institutions to help create successful tobacco-free policies. By 2017, it was found that 87% of the 135 participating colleges had either started or finished in creating successful anti-tobacco/smoking policies. With this research, it can be seen that community colleges and poverty-stricken locations simply lack funding and opportunity to develop educational policies and programs.[26] A study published in 2020 has found that social norms, smoking status, second-hand smoke exposure, and sociodemographic factors all play a role in determining the attitudes and behaviours of students, staff and faculty towards smoke-free campuses and in turn can affect the success of tobacco-free campus initiatives.[27]

References
  1. "Tobacco Control Milestones | State of Tobacco Control". American Lung Association. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  2. "Youth and Tobacco Use". CDC. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  3. "US College Student Demographics in 2012". Marketing Charts. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  4. "Back to school statistics". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  5. Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights. "Smokefree and Tobacco-Free U.S. and Tribal Colleges and Universities". Accessed January 19, 2019.
  6. Jullian, Maite. "More colleges stamp out smoking", USA Today, October 13, 2008
  7. Bose, K. S.; Sarma, R. H. (1975-10-27). "Delineation of the intimate details of the backbone conformation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in aqueous solution". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 66 (4): 1173–1179. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(75)90482-9. ISSN 1090-2104. PMID 2.
  8. Smith, R. J.; Bryant, R. G. (1975-10-27). "Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 66 (4): 1281–1286. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(75)90498-2. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 3.
  9. "Tobacco and Smoke-Free Campus Policy | SIU School of Medicine". www.siumed.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  10. "UC Smoke & Tobacco Free Policy | UCOP". www.ucop.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  11. "4202: Tobacco-Free and Smoke-Free Campus Environment | Louisiana Tech University". Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  12. "Smoke Free & Tobacco Free California Community Colleges Resolution" (PDF).
  13. "Smoke-free College Campuses :: Washington State Department of Health". www.doh.wa.gov. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  14. "Tobacco Free Colleges – Tobacco Free Florida". Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  15. "3102". www.calstate.edu. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  16. "Tobacco-free Generation Campus Initiative". ACS. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  17. "Do college campus smoking bans work? - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
  18. Schorr, Melissa. "A Third of College Students Smoke". ABC. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
  19. Odani, S., Soura, B., Tynan, M., Lavinghouze, R., King, B., & Agaku, I. "Tobacco and Marijuana Use Among US College and Noncollege Young Adults, 2002–2016".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. Borders, Tyrone F., K. Tom Xu, Donna Bacchi, Lee Cohen and Danielle SoRelle-Miner. "College campus smoking policies and programs and students' smoking behaviors", BMC Public Health, 2005, accessed September 22, 2016
  21. Martinelli, A. M. "An Explanatory Model of Variables Influencing Health Promotion Behaviors in Smoking and Nonsmoking College Students", Public Health Nursing (1999), 16 (4), pp. 263-269
  22. Fallin, A; Roditis, M; Glantz, SA (2015). "Association of Campus Tobacco Policies With Secondhand Smoke Exposure, Intention to Smoke on Campus, and Attitudes About Outdoor Smoking Restrictions". Am J Public Health. 105 (6): 1098–100. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302251. PMC 4431121. PMID 25521901.
  23. "Creating a tobacco-free campus".
  24. Sutfin, Erin L.; Swords, Darden C.; Song, Eun-Young; Reboussin, Beth A.; Helme, Donald; Klein, Elizabeth; Wolfson, Mark (2015). "Screening and Counseling for Tobacco Use in Student Health Clinics: Reports of Health Care Providers". American Journal of Health Promotion : AJHP. 30 (1): e41–e49. doi:10.4278/ajhp.130820-QUAN-436. ISSN 0890-1171. PMC 5669038. PMID 25372237.
  25. Wolfson, M; McCoy, TP; Sutfin, EL (2009). "College students' exposure to secondhand smoke". Nicotine Tob Res. 11 (8): 977–84. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp100. PMC 2711986. PMID 19516049.
  26. "Building capacity to implement tobacco-free policies in college and university settings with underserved populations". Tobacco Prevention and Cessation. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  27. Dilliott, Daniel; Fazel, Sajjad; Ehsan, Nazia; Sibbald, Shannon (7 August 2020). "The attitudes and behaviors of students, staff and faculty towards smoke-free and tobacco-free campus policies in North American universities: A narrative review". Tobacco Prevention & Cessation. 6 (August). doi:10.18332/tpc/125080.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.