Threonine—tRNA ligase
In enzymology, a threonine-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
- ATP + L-threonine + tRNA(Thr) AMP + diphosphate + L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr)
| threonine-tRNA ligase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC number | 6.1.1.3 | ||||||||
| CAS number | 9023-46-5 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
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The three substrates of this enzyme are ATP, L-threonine, and threonine-specific transfer RNA [tRNA(Thr)], whereas its three products are AMP, diphosphate, and L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr).
The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-threonine:tRNAThr ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include threonyl-tRNA synthetase, threonyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase, threonyl-transfer RNA synthetase, threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase, threonyl ribonucleic synthetase, threonine-transfer ribonucleate synthetase, threonine translase, threonyl-tRNA synthetase, and TARS.
Threonine—tRNA ligase (TARS) belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in tRNA and related compounds. More precisely, it belongs to the family of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These latter enzymes link amino acids to their cognate transfer RNAs (tRNA) in aminoacylation reactions that establish the connection between a specific amino acid and a nucleotide triplet anticodon embedded in the tRNA. During their long evolution, some of these enzymes have acquired additional functions, including roles in RNA splicing, RNA trafficking, transcriptional regulation, translational regulation, and cell signaling.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 17 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1EVK, 1EVL, 1FYF, 1KOG, 1NYQ, 1NYR, 1QF6, 1TJE, 1TKE, 1TKG, 1TKY, 1WWT, 1Y2Q, 2HKZ, 2HL0, 2HL1, and 2HL2.
Translational regulation
Threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS) from Escherichia coli is encoded by the thrS gene. It is a homodimeric enzyme that aminoacylates tRNA(Thr) with the amino acid threonine.[1] In addition, TARS has the ability to bind to its own messenger RNA (mRNA) immediately upstream of the AUG start codon, to inhibit its translation by competing with ribosome binding, and thus to negatively regulate the expression of its own gene. The cis-acting region responsible for the control, called operator, can be folded into four distinct domains.[2] Each of domains 2 and 4 can be folded in a stem and loop structure that mimics the anticodon arm of E. coli tRNA(Thr). Mutagenesis and biochemical experiments have shown that the two anticodon-like domains of the operator bind to the two tRNA(Thr) anticodon recognition sites (one per subunit) of the dimeric TARS in a quasi-symmetrical manner.[3][4]
The crystal structures of (i) TARS complexed with two tRNA(Thr) molecules,[5] and (ii) TARS complexed with two isolated domains 2,[6] have confirmed that TARS recognition is primarily governed by similar base-specific interactions between the anticodon loop of tRNA(Thr) and the loop of the operator domain 2. The same amino acids interact with the CGU anticodon sequence of tRNA(Thr) and the analogous residues in domain 2.
References
- Hennecke, H; Böck, A; Thomale, J; Nass, G (Sep 1977). "Threonyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase from Escherichia coli: subunit structure and genetic analysis of the structural gene by means of a mutated enzyme and of a specialized transducing lambda bacteriophage". J Bacteriol. 131 (3): 943–950. doi:10.1128/jb.131.3.943-950.1977. PMC 235552. PMID 330505.
- Brunel, C; Caillet, J; Lesage, P; Graffe, M; Dondon, J; Moine, H; Romby, P; Ehresmann, C; Ehresmann, B; Grunberg-Manago, M; Springer, M (Oct 1992). "Domains of the Escherichia coli threonyl-tRNA synthetase translational operator and their relation to threonine tRNA isoacceptors". J Mol Biol. 227 (3): 621–634. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90212-3. PMID 1383551.
- Bedouelle, Hugues (Apr 1993). "Symmetrical interactions between the translational operator of the thrS gene and dimeric threonyl transfer RNA synthetase". J Mol Biol. 230 (3): 704–708. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1190. PMID 7683056.
- Romby, P; Caillet, J; Ebel, C; Sacerdot, C; Graffe, M; Eyermann, F; Brunel, C; Moine, H; Ehresmann, C; Ehresmann, B; Springer, M (Nov 1996). "The expression of E.coli threonyl-tRNA synthetase is regulated at the translational level by symmetrical operator-repressor interactions". EMBO J. 15 (21): 5976–5987. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00984.x. PMC 452390. PMID 8918475.
- Sankaranarayanan, R; Dock-Bregeon, AC; Romby, P; Caillet, J; Springer, M; Rees, B; Ehresmann, C; Ehresmann, B; Moras, D (Apr 1999). "The structure of threonyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNA(Thr) complex enlightens its repressor activity and reveals an essential zinc ion in the active site". Cell. 97 (3): 371–381. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80746-1. PMID 10319817. S2CID 1019704.
- Torres-Larios, A; Dock-Bregeon, AC; Romby, P; Rees, B; Sankaranarayanan, R; Caillet, J; Springer, M; Ehresmann, C; Ehresmann, B; Moras, D (May 2002). "Structural basis of translational control by Escherichia coli threonyl tRNA synthetase". Nat Struct Biol. 9 (5): 343–347. doi:10.1038/nsb789. PMID 11953757. S2CID 2744686.
Further reading
- Allen EH, Glassman E, Schweet RS (1960). "Incorporation of amino acids into ribonucleic acid. I. The role of activating enzymes". J. Biol. Chem. 235: 1061–7. PMID 13792726.
- Holley RW, Brunngraber EF, Saad F, Williams HH (1961). "Partial purification of the threonine- and tyrosine-activating enzymes from rat liver, and the effect of patassium ions on the activity of the tyrosine enzyme". J. Biol. Chem. 236: 197–9. PMID 13715350.