Third Era of Northern Domination
The Third Era of Northern Domination refers to the third period of Vietnamese history from the end of the Early Lý dynasty in 602 to the rise of the Khúc clan led by Khúc Thừa Dụ in 905, when Vietnam was under Chinese rule. Its independence was consolidated in 938, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng and expulsion of the Southern Han army by Ngô Quyền who established the Ngô dynasty. This period saw two Chinese imperial dynasties rule over an area of northern Vietnam roughly corresponding to the modern Hanoi region. From 602 to 618, this area was under the Sui dynasty, under three districts in the Red River Delta. From 618 to 905, the Tang dynasty became the new Chinese rulers of Vietnam. This began when the monarch of the Early Lý dynasty, Hậu Lý Nam Đế, surrendered to Emperor Wen of Sui in Sui–Former Lý War until Khúc clan seized the capital Đại La and created the autonomous state in Vietnam in 905. At that moment, the Emperor Ai of Tang lost the power to Zhu Wen and stayed as the figurehead.
Third Era of Northern Domination Bắc thuộc lần thứ ba 北屬吝次三 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 602–905 or 938 | |||||||||
 Vietnam under Southern Han from 930 to 931 (Pink) | |||||||||
| Status | District of Sui dynasty-Tang dynasty-Southern Han Autonomous province under the Khúc clan (after 905) | ||||||||
| Capital | Đại La | ||||||||
| Common languages | Old Chinese | ||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||
• 602–604 | Emperor Wen of Sui (First) | ||||||||
• 618–626 | Emperor Gaozu of Tang | ||||||||
• 917–938 | Liu Yan (Last) | ||||||||
| Jiedushi | |||||||||
• 905 | Dugu Sun | ||||||||
• 905–907 | Khúc Thừa Dụ (Autonomous period) | ||||||||
• 907–917 | Khúc Hạo | ||||||||
• 917–923 | Khúc Thừa Mỹ | ||||||||
• 923–937 | Dương Đình Nghệ | ||||||||
• 937–938 | Kiều Công Tiễn (Last) | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 602 | |||||||||
• Sui dynasty annexed kingdom of Vạn Xuân | 602 | ||||||||
• Vietnam under Tang dynasty | 618 | ||||||||
• The Tang dynasty fell into crisis | 884 | ||||||||
• Establishment Jiedushi | 905 | ||||||||
• Khúc clan gained the autonomous in Vietnam | 905 | ||||||||
| 905 or 938 | |||||||||
| Currency | Cash coins | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Vietnam China | ||||||||
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Names
During this time, Vietnam was known as:
- Giao Châu (Jiaozhou) (602–679) as a Sui and Tang province
- An Nam Protectorate (Protectorate General to pacify the South Chinese: 安南都護府) (679–757 and 766–866)
- Trấn Nam Protectorate (757–766)
- Tĩnh Hải quân (Jinghai Military Jiedushi) (866–967)
Sui and Tang rule
In 602 general Liu Fang of the Sui dynasty led 270,000 soldiers to invade Vietnamese kingdom of Vạn Xuân. The King of Vạn Xuân Lý Phật Tử in capital Long Biên had to surrender to Liu Fang and he was captured to Chang'an. Sui dynasty annexed Vạn Xuân as a province and renamed it Giao Châu (交州), "Giao province".
Liu Fang was nominated as the viceroy of Giao Châu. He died after conquering the Kingdom of Champa and Qiū He (丘和) replaced him to rule the land. However, in 618, Emperor Gaozu overthrew the Sui dynasty and established the Tang dynasty, and Qiū He submitted to the new Emperor, incorporating Vietnam into the Tang dynasty.
Viceroy of Jiaozhou
- Liu Fang
- Qiu He (-619) under Sui (619-626) under Tang
- Li Daliang
- Li Shou
- Li Daoxing
- Li Dao’an
- Li Jian
Duhu of Annam
- Liu Yanyou 681-687
- Guo Chuke
- Abe no Nakamaro 761-767 (Duhu of Zhennan)
- Wu Chongfu 777-782
- Li Mengqiu 782
- Zhang Ying 788
- Pang Fu 789
- Gao Zhengping 790-791
- Zhao Chang 791-802
- Pei 802-803
- Zhao Chang 804-806
- Ma Zong 806-810
- Zhang Mian 813
- Pei Xingli 813-817
- Li Xianggu 817-819 - killed by Yang Qing
- Yang Qing 819-820 - rebelled and killed by Gui Zhongwu
- Gui Zhongwu 819-820
- Pei Xingli 820
- Gui Zhongwu 820-822
- Wang Chengbian 822
- Li Yuanxi 822-826
- Han Yue 827-828
- Zheng Chuo 831
- Liu Min 833
- Han Wei 834
- Tian Zao 835
- Ma Zhi 836-840
- Wu Hun 843
- Pei Yuanyu 846-847
- Tian Zaiyou 849-850
- Cui Geng 852
- Li Zhuo 853-855
- Song Ya 857
- Li Hongfu 857-858
- Wang Shi 858-860 (military Jinglueshi)
- Li Hu 860-861
- Wang Kuan 861-862
- Cai Xi 862-863 (military Jinglueshi)
- Song Rong 863 (de jure Jinglueshi, Annam invaded by Nanzhao)
- Zhang Yin 864 (de jure Jinglueshi, Annam invaded by Nanzhao)
Revolts
The Tang Dynasty quelled three revolts in northern Vietnam between 722 and 728, using an army of natives pressed into service under the leadership of Chinese generals.[1] The Chinese generals were brutal in suppressing the insurrection: one ordered the decapitated bodies of 80,000 scalped and flayed rebels stacked into a pyramid.[1] Although Chinese governors were sent to rule over Annam, a series of local emperors were unofficial rulers under Chinese control:
- Lê Ngọc led a rebellion in the early 7th century
- Lý Tự Tiên and Đinh Kiến in 687
- Mai Hắc Đế or Mai Thúc Loan (Mai the Black Emperor) on 722
- Mai Thiếu Đế 722–723? – referred to as the Juvenile Emperor, he was the son of Mai Hắc Đế and ruled only briefly following his father's death and overrun by the 100,000 men strong Tang army
- Bố Cái Đại Vương or Phùng Hưng 791–799 – called The Great Father King
- Phùng An 799–802 – son of Phùng Hưng and was defeated by the Tang army
- Vương Quý Nguyên led a rebellion in 803
- Dương Thanh led a rebellion in 819–820
Restored autonomy
Nanzhao invaded the area of Jiaozhi modern day Vietnam multiple times in the 9th century until the Tang sent Gao Pian to defeat Nanzhao and restoring Tang rule to Jiaozhou.
Taking advantage of disturbances at the end of Tang Dynasty, a native noble from Cuc Bo (in the present-day Hải Dương Province), Khúc Thừa Dụ, made himself Jiedushi (military governor) of Jinghai in 905, and in 906 the Tang court had to recognize this a fait accompli. Khúc Thừa Dụ was admired by the people, he later worked with the Tang to establish himself as the first local self-appointed governor who ended the practice of governors sent by the Imperial court from other regions. Khuc Thua Du's son, Khúc Hạo, tried to set up a national administration.
After the Tang dynasty was ousted by the Later Liang (Five Dynasties) in northern China, China split in different Kingdoms during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Emperors of Later Liang in Northern Central China and the Southern Han in Southern China both claimed to be the sole legitimate Emperors of China. The Jiedushi Khúc Thừa Mỹ (Qu Changmei) chose to recognize the Later Liang in Central China as the legitimate ruler and acknowledged themselves as part of the Later Liang and resisted and fought against the Southern Han. Unlike most of Tang provinces during the Five Dynasties era, Tĩnh Hải Quân (Jinghai-jun) did not declared independence.
In 930 the Southern Han dynasty had taken power in southern China, again invaded the country and defeated Khúc Thừa Mỹ. In 931, another local, Dương Đình Nghệ (Yang Tingyi) took up the fight and made himself governor. In 931, Dương Đình Nghệ was murdered by his aide Kiều Công Tiễn. Ngô Quyền, a general under Nghệ, revolted against Tiễn and took control of the military. In 938, a Southern Han fleet entered Vietnam by sea via the Bạch Đằng estuary (mouth of the river which flows into Hạ Long Bay). Ngô Quyền ordered iron-tipped stakes to be planted into the riverbed. At high-tide, a Vietnamese flotilla attacked the enemy then, pretending to escape, lured the Han ships into the water where the stakes, still covered by the tide, are beneath. At low-tide, the Vietnamese fleet counter-attacked, forcing the enemy to flee and impaled on the barrage of stakes.
The Bạch Đằng victory in 938 put an end to the period of Chinese imperial domination. In 939 Ngô Quyền proclaimed himself not Governor but King, establishing the Ngô Dynasty. He put his capital at Cổ Loa, the old capital of Âu Lạc in the 3rd century BC and set up a centralized government.
After Ngô Quyền's death, Vietnam became embroiled in the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords. In 968, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh unified the country and declared himself as Emperor of Đại Cồ Việt.
References
- Benn, Charles D. (2002). Daily life in traditional China: the Tang dynasty. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 28. ISBN 0-313-30955-8. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
| Preceded by Early Lý Dynasty |
Dynasty of Vietnam 602–905/938 |
Succeeded by Khúc family/Ngô Dynasty |