The Source (Ingres)

The Source (French: La Source, meaning "spring") is an oil painting on canvas by French neoclassical painter Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. The work was begun in Florence around 1820 and not completed until 1856, in Paris.[1][2] When Ingres completed The Source, he was seventy-six years old,[3] already famous,[4] and president of the École des Beaux-Arts.[5] The pose of the nude may be compared with that of another by Ingres, the Venus Anadyomene (1848),[6] and is a reimagination of the Aphrodite of Cnidus or Venus Pudica.[5] Two of Ingres' students, painters Paul Balze and Alexandre Desgoffe, helped to create the background and water jar.[1]

The Source
La Source
Artist	Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Alexandre Desgoffe, Paul Balze
Year	1856
Medium	canvas, oil paint
Dimensions	1.63 m (5.3 ft) × 0.8 m (2.6 ft)
Location	Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France
Accession No.	RF 219
Identifiers	Joconde work ID: 000PE001514

Description

The painting depicts a nude standing upright between an opening in the rocks and holding in her hands a pitcher, from which water flows. She thus represents a water source or spring, for which source is the normal French word, and which, in classical literature, is sacred to the Muses and a source of poetic inspiration.[7] She stands between two flowers, with their "vulnerability to males who wish to pluck them",[7] and is framed by ivy, plant of Dionysus the god of disorder, regeneration, and ecstasy.[7] The water she pours out separates her from the viewer, as rivers mark boundaries of which the crossing is symbolically important.[7]

Marble sculpture based on The Source, commissioned by Dorabji Tata and now in the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai

Theme

Art historians Frances Fowle and Richard Thomson suggest that there is a "symbolic unity of woman and nature" in The Source, where the flowering plants and water serve as a background which Ingres fills with woman's "secondary attributes".[8]

Reception

The first exhibition of The Source was in 1856, the year it was completed.[9] The painting was received enthusiastically.[4] Duchâtel acquired the painting in 1857 for a sum of 25,000 francs. The state assumed title to the painting in 1878 and it passed to the Musée du Louvre. In 1986 it was transferred to the Musée d'Orsay.[1] The painting has been frequently exhibited and widely published.[1][10]

Haldane Macfall in A History of Painting: The French Genius describes The Source as Ingres' "superb nude by which he is chiefly known".[11] Kenneth Clark in his book Feminine Beauty observed how The Source has been described as "the most beautiful figure in French painting."[12] Walter Friedländer in David to Delacroix referred to The Source simply as the most famous of Ingres' paintings.[13]

The model for the painting was the young daughter of Ingres' concierge.[11] In his Confessions of a Young Man, Irish novelist George Moore wrote, with relation to the morality of artistic production, "What care I that the virtue of some sixteen-year-old maid was the price for Ingres' La Source? That the model died of drink and disease in the hospital is nothing when compared with the essential that I should have La Source, that exquisite dream of innocence."[14]

References

1. "La Source". Musée d'Orsay. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
2. Houghton Mifflin Company (2003). The Houghton Mifflin dictionary of biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 782–. ISBN 978-0-618-25210-7.
3. Arnheim, Rudolf (2004). Art and visual perception: a psychology of the creative eye. University of California Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-520-24383-5.
4. Magi, Giovanna (1999). Grand Louvre and the Musee D'Orsay. Casa Editrice Bonechi. p. 91. ISBN 978-88-7009-780-1.
5. Baguley, David (2000). Napoleon III and his regime: an extravaganza. LSU Press. pp. 317–. ISBN 978-0-8071-2624-0.
6. Geist, Sidney (1988). Interpreting Cézanne. Harvard University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-674-45955-7.
7. Ferber, Michael (2007). A dictionary of literary symbols. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75ff, 80f, 104f, 170ff. ISBN 978-0-521-87042-9.
8. Fowle, Francis; Thomson, Richard (2003). Soil and stone: impressionism, urbanism, environment. Ashgate Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7546-3685-4.
9. Stoddart, David Michael (1990). The scented ape: the biology and culture of human odour. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-39561-8.
10. Fried, Michael (1998). Manet's modernism, or, The face of painting in the 1860s. University of Chicago Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-226-26217-8.
11. Macfall, Haldane (August 2004). A History of Painting: The French Genius (vol. 6). Kessinger Publishing. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-4179-4511-5.
12. Henry A. Strobel (1999). Reflections: personal essays. Henry Strobel Publisher. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-892210-01-2.
13. Friedländer, Walter F. (1952). David to Delacroix. Harvard University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-674-19401-4.
14. Barrett, Cyril (1982). "The Morality of Artistic Production". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. Wiley-Blackwell. 41 (2): 137–144. doi:10.2307/430264. JSTOR 430264.