The Mother of Us All
The Mother of Us All is a two-act opera composed by Virgil Thomson to a libretto by Gertrude Stein. She wrote the libretto in the winter of 1945–46, sending it to Thomson in March of 1946; he began the score that October, shortly after Stein's death in July, and completed it early in 1947. [1] The opera chronicles the life of Susan B. Anthony, one of the major figures in the fight for women's suffrage in the United States. In fanciful style, it brings together characters, fictional and non-fictional, from different periods of American history.
Performance history
The opera premiered on 7 May 1947 at Columbia University's Brander Matthews Hall with soprano Dorothy Dow as Susan B. Anthony.[2] Soprano Shirlee Emmons was awarded an Obie Award for her portrayal of Susan B. Anthony in the 1956 Off-Broadway production.[3] The Santa Fe Opera mounted the work in 1976 and released a recording of the work the following year on the New World Records label. The European premiere took place in Kensington Town Hall in London on 26 June 1979.[2] The New York City Opera staged a production in 2000 with Lauren Flanigan as Susan B. Anthony. In 2003, San Francisco Opera opened its 80th anniversary season with a new production of The Mother of Us All, Luana DeVol assuming the role of Susan B. Anthony for the first time.[4]
Roles
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast[2] 7 May 1947 (Conductor: Otto Luening) |
|---|---|---|
| Susan B. Anthony | mezzo-soprano or dramatic soprano | Dorothy Dow |
| Anne | contralto | Belva Kibler |
| Gertrude S. | soprano | Hazel Gravell |
| Virgil T. | baritone | Robert Grooters |
| Daniel Webster | bass | Bertram Rowe |
| Andrew Johnson | tenor | |
| Thaddeus Stevens | tenor | Alfred Kunz |
| Jo the Loiterer | tenor | William Horne |
| Chris the Citizen | baritone | Carlton Sunday |
| Indiana Elliot | contralto | Ruth Krug |
| Angel More | soprano | Carolyn Blakeslee |
| Henrietta M. | soprano | Teresa Stich-Randall |
| Henry B. | bass-baritone | Jacques La Rochelle |
| Anthony Comstock | bass | James Chartrand |
| John Adams, presumably John Quincy Adams | tenor | Robert Sprecher |
| Constance Fletcher | mezzo-soprano | Alice Howland |
| Gloster Heming | baritone | Michael Therry |
| Isabel Wentworth | mezzo-soprano | Jean Handzlik |
| Anna Hope | contralto | Carlton Sunday |
| Lillian Russell | soprano | Nancy Reid |
| Jenny Reefer | mezzo-soprano | Dianna Herman |
| Ulysses S. Grant | bass-baritone | Everett Anderson |
| Herman Atlan | high baritone | |
| Donald Gallup | baritone | |
| A.A. and T.T., page boys or postillions | ||
| Negro Man and Negro Woman | ||
| Indiana Elliot's Brother | bass-baritone |
Synopsis
Stein's text for The Mother of Us All does not describe details of staging. Therefore, Thomson's partner Maurice Grosser devised a scenario to facilitate staging the opera. Though Grosser stated that other scenarios were equally possible, his scenario is published in the printed score; this synopsis is based on it.
Act 1
Scene 1. Susan B. Anthony and her devoted companion Anne are shown at home. Anne is knitting; Susan B. is pasting clippings into a scrapbook. Gertrude S. and Virgil T. also appear as narrators.
Scene 2. A political meeting takes place, at which Webster, Johnson, Adams, Grant, Comstock, and Stevens are all present. Jo the Loiterer and Chris the Citizen also appear, mocking the politicians' solemnity. Susan B. introduces herself to the assembly, and she and Daniel Webster debate.
Scene 3. A public square in front of Susan B. Anthony's house. Thaddeus Stevens argues with Andrew Johnson; there is a flowery love scene between John Adams and Constance Fletcher. Jenny Reefer begins waltzing with Herman Atlan, and everyone joins in the dance.
Scene 4. Susan B. Anthony meditates on the difficulties of her mission.
Scene 5. Jo the Loiterer and Indiana Elliot are to be married. As the wedding party gathers, various episodes unfold. John Adams courts Constance Fletcher, Daniel Webster (who is to perform the ceremony) addresses Angel More in sentimental language. Indiana's brother bursts in, wishing to prevent the marriage, and Susan B. explains what marriage means to women. General Grant calls for order, and Jo teases him for his pomposity. It seems that the wedding is all but forgotten, but finally Daniel Webster blesses the couple and Susan B. foretells that all of their children, men and women, will have the vote.
Act 2
Scene 1. Susan B.'s home. Susan B. is doing housework when she learns that she will be asked to address a political meeting. Jo the Loiterer complains that Indiana Elliot refuses to take his last name. When Susan B. is invited to speak, she declines, then agrees, hesitates again, but finally goes off to the meeting.
Scene 2. The meeting has taken place and Susan B. returns home triumphantly. She has spoken so convincingly that the politicians, now afraid of the women's suffrage movement, have written the word "male" into the Constitution in order to make it impossible for women to vote. Indiana Elliot has decided to take Jo's last name, and he will take hers; they will become Jo Elliot and Indiana Loiterer. Everyone congratulates Susan B. for her leadership.
Scene 3 (Epilogue). Some years later, a statue of Susan B. Anthony is to be unveiled at the U. S. Capitol. The characters gather for the ceremony, with Anne as guest of honor. Susan B. enters as a ghost, though Anne does not see her. Constance Fletcher appears, now almost blind. Other characters talk about women's suffrage, or burst in tipsily. The ceremony threatens to get out of hand. Suddenly, Virgil T. unveils the statue. The women lay wreaths at the base of the pedestal. All slowly depart. Alone, Susan B. Anthony (as the statue) sings of the struggles and lessons of her long life.
Recordings
- Virgil Thomson: The Mother of Us All – Mignon Dunn, Philip Booth, Karen Beck, Sondra Stowe, Jimmie Lu Null, William Lewis, Steven Loewengart, Thomas Parker, Marla McDaniels, D'Artagnan Petty, Stephen Bryant, Ashley Putnam, et al.; Conductor: Raymond Leppard; Santa Fe Opera Orchestra and Chorus. Recorded in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1976—recorded digitally (America's first digital recording session) but released from the superior analog master made at the same time. Label: New World Records
- Virgil Thomson: The Mother of Us All – Noragh Devlin (as Susan B. Anthony), Scott Russell (Daniel Webster), Alexander Frankel (Jo the Loiterer), Addison Hamilton (Constance Fletcher), Carlton Moe (John Adams), et al.; Conductor: Steven Osgood; Manhattan Opera Orchestra. Recorded in New York City, 2013;[5] released 2014. Label: Albany Records.[6]
- Virgil Thomson: The Mother of Us All – Dorothy Dow (as Susan B. Anthony), Belva Kibler (Anne), Hazel Gravell (Gertrude S.), Robert Grooters (Virgil T.), Bertrand Rowe (Daniel Webster), William Horne (tenor) (Jo the Loiterer), et al.; Conductor: Virgil Thomson; Columbia University Chorus and Orchestra. Recorded in New York City, May 7, 1947 – world premiere performance; released 2017. Label: Cantus Classics.
References
- [1] Thomson, Virgil. Virgil Thomson, in The State of Music & Other Writings. New York: Library of America, 2016, p. 536 ISBN 978-1-59853-467-2
- Casaglia, Gherardo (2005)."The Mother of Us All". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2014.
- "Obituaries: Shirlee Emmons Baldwin". The Portage County Gazette. April 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15.
- "The Mother of Us All" (PDF). Performance Archive. San Francisco Opera. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
- "OPERA NEWS - The Mother of Us All". www.operanews.com. Retrieved Apr 22, 2019.
- "Albany Records: The Mother of Us All". www.albanyrecords.com. Retrieved Apr 22, 2019.