The Measure of a Man (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

"The Measure of a Man" is the ninth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 35th episode overall. It was originally released on February 13, 1989, in broadcast syndication. It was written as a spec script by former attorney and Star Trek: The Original Series novelist Melinda M. Snodgrass. It was directed by Robert Scheerer.

"The Measure of a Man"
Star Trek: The Next Generation episode
Episode no.Season 2
Episode 9
Directed byRobert Scheerer
Written byMelinda M. Snodgrass
Featured musicDennis McCarthy
Cinematography byEdward R. Brown
Production code135
Original air dateFebruary 13, 1989 (1989-02-13)
Guest appearance(s)

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, the rights of the android officer Lt. Commander Data (Brent Spiner) are threatened by a scientist who wishes to dismantle him in order to produce replicas of him. Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) fights in a Starfleet court for Data's right of self-determination in order not to be declared mere property of Starfleet, while Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes) is obligated to argue on behalf of the scientist.

The script was accepted due to the impact of the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, and resulted in Snodgrass being recruited as a staff writer and script editor. She would remain on the staff until the end of the third season. "The Measure of a Man" has been seen as highlighting themes of slavery and the rights of artificial intelligence. Similar subjects were discussed in a follow-up episode, "The Offspring". "The Measure of a Man" received Nielsen ratings of 11.3 percent on the first broadcast. It was received positively by the cast and crew because of the subject matter, and has been considered by critics to be the first great episode of The Next Generation. It has also been included in lists of the best and most groundbreaking episodes of the series.

An extended cut was released in 2012, with 13 additional minutes of footage.[1]

Plot

While the Enterprise is visiting Starbase 173 for routine maintenance, cyberneticist Commander Bruce Maddox (Brian Brophy) comes aboard to pay a visit to Lt. Commander Data (Brent Spiner), wishing to better understand Data's positronic brain. It quickly becomes clear that Maddox has an ulterior motive of transferring the contents of Data's memory to the starbase mainframe computer and shutting down and disassembling him to learn how to recreate the technology. Though Maddox promises to restore Data following his analysis and assures him his memories will be intact, Data is concerned that the procedure is riskier than Maddox is letting on, and argues that while the factual details of his memories will be preserved, the nuances of his experiences may not be. Data refuses, causing Maddox to turn to Starfleet to order him to comply. Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) supports Data's position, and is advised that the only way for Data to evade the order is to resign from Starfleet, which Data does. Maddox, however, argues that Data is Starfleet property, not a sentient being, and as such does not have the right to choose to resign.

Meanwhile, Picard has to deal with the presiding Judge Advocate General for the sector, Captain Philippa Louvois (Amanda McBroom), who was a former love interest until she aggressively prosecuted Picard in a court-martial involving his actions on the USS Stargazer. When Louvois rules for Maddox, Picard requests a formal hearing to challenge the ruling. Louvois agrees, and allows Picard to represent Data during the proceedings. However, due to a shortage of qualified legal staff, Louvois compels Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes) to represent Maddox. Riker's arguments portray Data as merely a machine constructed by man, and no more than the sum of his parts. In a striking final demonstration, Riker activates Data's "off switch", causing the android to shut down. Picard calls for a recess, during which he meets in Ten Forward with Guinan (Whoopi Goldberg), who suggests that regardless of whether Data is a machine or not, Maddox's plans for reproducing him would lead to a situation tantamount to slavery. Picard uses this to defuse Riker's arguments, and turns the discussion to metaphysical matters of Data's sentience, using Data and Maddox as witnesses. Picard points out that Data meets two of the three criteria that Maddox uses to define sentient life. Data is intelligent and self-aware, and Picard asks anyone in the court to show a means of measuring consciousness.

With no one able to answer this, Louvois acknowledges that neither she nor anyone else can measure this in Data and rules that he has the right to choose. Upon the court's ruling, Data formally refuses to undergo the procedure. After the hearing, Data clearly holds no ill will against Maddox; Data reminds the scientist that his work remains intriguing, and offers to assist in further research after Maddox has had more time to study and perfect his techniques. Maddox, for his part, refers to Data for the first time as "he" rather than "it". Later during a party celebrating Data's victory, Data finds Riker alone in a conference room, ashamed of having had to argue against his friend in the hearing. Data cheers him up by telling him that his action was an act of self-sacrifice that gave Data the chance to win his freedom, as had Riker refused to participate, Louvois' original judgement in favor of Maddox would have been final. The two then happily return to the celebration together.

Production

Writing

The episode was the television debut for writer Melinda M. Snodgrass. She had previously been an attorney at a law practice, but she quit the position, and a friend suggested that she become a writer. She wrote an outline of a Star Trek: The Original Series novel for Pocket Books, which was purchased and became The Tears of the Singers.[2] She also acted as a co-writer for the Wild Cards anthology and subsequent books, alongside George R.R. Martin.[3] Snodgrass submitted a spec script to Paramount Television for "The Measure of a Man" for Star Trek: The Next Generation. As a result of the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, the studio was looking for more scripts of this type and so it was accepted.[4]

She said that although most watchers perceived the episode as being Data-centric, Snodgrass felt that it focused on the actions of Picard and referred to Data as taking the role of the catalyst for the plot.[5] Following her work on this episode, Snodgrass was recruited as a staff writer and story editor alongside Leonard Mlodinow and Scott Rubenstein. When four episodes later, the other two editors left the series, Snodgrass ended up being the only one on staff for the remainder of the season.[6] She was promoted to executive script consultant for the third season, but left the staff after the end of that year.[7][8]

"The Measure of a Man" features several references to events in previous episodes, such as the discussion of Data's relationship with Tasha Yar, previously alluded to in "The Naked Now" and the revelation of Data's off switch in "Datalore". This is also the first episode to have a scene of the crew's poker game,[3] which continued to feature throughout the series and was the final scene of the series finale, "All Good Things...".[9]

Guest stars

Guest stars included Brian Brophy, who had previously appeared as Traker in the science fiction television series Max Headroom. His character, Bruce Maddox, was later mentioned in The Next Generation episode "Data's Day" as continuing to correspond with Data. Amanda McBroom played Captain Phillipa Louvois; McBroom was a longtime fan of Star Trek, and was well known for appearances on Broadway, several television series and from winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song in 1980 for "The Rose" from the film of the same name.[3] Louvois later appeared in the non-canon novel Articles of the Federation. Clyde Kusatsu appeared as Admiral Nakamura, and would later appear in "Phantasms" and The Next Generation series finale. The character has since also appeared in several pieces of non-canon fiction.[9] Though uncredited, Denise Crosby makes a very brief cameo as Tasha Yar in a holographic projection.

Themes and influence

"The Measure of a Man" has been given as an example of the complexity and depth of Star Trek.[10] The subject matter has been seen as ranging from the rights of artificial lifeforms to slavery.[11] In the wake of discussions regarding the ethical and moral dilemmas of computer scientists, the episode also received attention amongst academe and was used as lecture material, including in a course on Computer Ethics at the University of Kentucky in a section covering robot and cyborg rights.[12] The idea of non-human ethics had been discussed prior to "The Measure of a Man" in papers and books such as Animal Liberation: a New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals by Peter Singer in 1977 and On Being Morally Considerable by K.E. Goodpaster in 1978.[13][14]

In the essay "The 'Measure of a Man' and the Ethos of Hospitality: Towards an Ethical Dwelling with Technology" within the AI & Society journal in 2009, Lucas D. Introna explained that Data's main issue in this episode was that this area of ethics is dealt with purely in human terms. Thus, the argument regarding his rights as an individual must be framed within those boundaries.[13] The episode was also analysed in a Toledo Law Journal article by Paul Joseph and Sharon Carton about the legal system of the Federation as portrayed in Star Trek: The Next Generation.[15]

The episode proved influential, with the test established in "The Measure of a Man" being revisited when Data created Lal in "The Offspring". Picard directly references the events of this episode as it appears that the outcome of "The Measure of a Man" had only been applied to Data and not all androids in general.[16] Outside of the series, Star Trek fan Seth MacFarlane referenced the events of "The Measure of a Man" in the plot of his comedy film Ted 2 (2015). In the events of the film, Samantha Jackson (Amanda Seyfried) must argue for the rights of Ted, a sentient Teddy Bear, as he is at risk of being considered property rather than a person in the eyes of the law.[17]

Bruce Maddox would appear again in Star Trek: Picard. In this story, he continued his research into cybernetics, building the androids Dahj and Soji, among others.

Reception

Broadcast

"The Measure of a Man" was first shown on February 13, 1989 in broadcast syndication. It was the ninth episode of the second season and received Nielsen ratings of 11.3 percent on the first broadcast. It was one of the best rated episodes during the second season, alongside the previous episode, "A Matter of Honor", which were the highest since "The Big Goodbye" released in syndication during the week of February 14, 1988.[18]

Cast and crew reception

Director Robert Scheerer called it his favorite show, adding that it was interesting to see Riker and Picard treating Data "not as a dear friend, but as someone whose worth has to be resolved". He said that the episode was non-typical and "beautifully crafted", with "a great deal to say about man, humanity, what our problems in the world are today and hopefully what we can do about it in the future."[19] Producer Maurice Hurley called the episode "stunning", saying "That's the kind of show you want to do", "it just worked great, everything about it". He also lauded Whoopi Goldberg's role in the episode.[5] Michael Piller, who had not yet joined the crew at the time of "The Measure of a Man", later described it as one of his three favourite episodes alongside "The Inner Light" and "The Offspring" as "they had remarkable emotional impacts. And they genuinely explored the human condition, which this franchise does better than any other when it does it well."[20]

Spiner identified this episode as his favorite episode of The Next Generation.[21] In an interview, Stewart concurred that this is "the first truly great episode of the series", and added that it went to the "heart of the fundamentals of the Star Trek philosophy and what Gene Roddenberry had been writing about in different ways from the mid ’60s."[22] But he said that his favourite episode was "The Inner Light".[23] On Twitter in April 2013, Marina Sirtis (Troi) named this as her favorite episode.[24]

Critical reception

Entertainment Weekly said that "It is well-established Trek gospel that the first truly great episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation is 'The Measure of a Man'".[25] Mark Jones and Lance Parkin, in their book Beyond the Final Frontier: An Unauthorised Review of Star Trek, called "The Measure of a Man" "a blunt episode lacking finesse." They added that while including Riker in the plot was a positive move, it wasn't clearly rationalized. They described the argument at the center of the episode as a "balloon debate".[26] However, the majority of reviewers received the episode more positively. James Van Hise and Hal Schuster in The Complete Trek: The Next Generation described it as a "stirring episode" which demonstrated that the Enterprise did not need to be endangered to generate drama. They said overall that "The Measure of a Man" was "pure Next Generation at its best". Wendy Rathbone provided a guest review in the same book; she said that she enjoyed the believability of the plot and the characterization of Data.[27] She compared it to The Original Series episode "Court Martial", and called it "riveting" with "first rate dialogue and powerful tension"[28] Following the end of the series in 1994, "The Measure of a Man" was given an honorable mention in a list of the best episodes by television critic Mike Antonucci for the San Jose Mercury News.[29]

Upon the release of a DVD box set in 2002, "The Measure of a Man" was called the "standout episode" of the season by Mark Rahner for The Seattle Times via the Knight Ridder media company.[30] Zack Handlen reviewed the episode for The A.V. Club in 2010, giving it a grade of A−. He praised the actions of Picard, but thought that Diana Muldaur as Katherine Pulaski could have been featured more. He disliked the "shoehorning" of Riker into the plot, and felt that Guinan's comparison to slavery was not required and there were some "soft arguments" in the court scenes. However, Handlen said that the episode featured "the sort of profound philosophizing that Trek has always made its bread and butter", and that "TNG hasn't lost its flaws, but it's finally, definitively shown that it can be great".[31] Keith DeCandido gave "The Measure of a Man" a rating of nine out of ten in his review for Tor.com. He praised the guest actors, and called the episode "Quite simply one of Trek‘s finest hours." He said that the procedures in the courtroom scenes were an issue, as the witnesses were not cross examined and Riker did not make a closing statement.[9]

James Hunt watched "The Measure of a Man" for the website Den of Geek. He said that while he was surprised the argument had not been raised earlier in Data's Starfleet career, but said that it was "the first episode of TNG that doesn't just reach the potential of Star Trek, it stretches far, far beyond it". He called it "a solid contender for the best TNG episode full stop", recommended "If you only watch one episode of TNG, it might be a good idea to make it this one."[32] Entertainment Weekly named this episode the sixth best of the series in a list compiled in 2007.[33] To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the series in 2012, Wired magazine conducted a reader's survey of their favourite episodes. Several were listed, including "The Measure of a Man".[34] That same year, Juliette Harrisson ranked the episode as the 8th most groundbreaking episodes of the series.[11] In 2014, the episode was ranked as the 70th best out of the 700 plus episodes in the Star Trek franchise by Charlie Jane Anders for io9. She said that the trial raised "fascinating questions", but the best part of the episode was "Riker's total ruthlessness as prosecutor".[35]

In 2017, Space.com rated "The Measure of a Man" as the #1 Star Trek episode overall out of its seven hundred plus episodes, ahead of "The Trouble with Tribbles" (#2), "The Menagerie" (#3), "The Best of Both Worlds" (#4), and "In The Pale Moonlight" (#5).[36] In May 2019, The Hollywood Reporter ranked "The Measure of a Man" among the top twenty-five episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation.[37] Screen Rant ranked "The Measure of Man" as one of the top ten episodes of all Star Trek up to December 2018.[38]

In 2011, this episode was noted by Forbes as one of the top ten episodes of the franchise that explores the implications of advanced technology.[39]

In 2016, Radio Times ranked the space-court room sequence as the 17th best moment in all Star Trek, remarking "The franchise is at its philosophising best as we see a grim-faced Riker prosecute the case while Picard champions Data’s self-awareness".[40]

In 2016, Vox rated this one of the top 25 essential episodes of all Star Trek.[41]

In 2016, IGN ranked this the 8th best episode of all Star Trek series prior to Star Trek: Discovery.[42]

In 2017, Den of Geek ranked this episode as one of the top 25 "must watch" episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation.[43]

In 2017, Nerdist ranked this episode the number one best episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, on a list of the top ten episodes.[44] They ranked "The Inner Light" in second place, and "The Best of Both Worlds" (Parts I & II) as third.[44]

In 2019, Screen Rant ranked "The Measure of a Man" the tenth best episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation.[45]

In 2019, The Hollywood Reporter listed this episode among the twenty five best episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation.[46]

In 2020, SciFiPulse.net ranked this episode one of the top seven about the character Captain Picard.[47]

In 2020, Space.com recommended watching this episode as background for Star Trek: Picard.[48]

In 2020, Vulture recommended as one of the best Star Treks watch along with Star Trek: Picard, noting that it has court trial for Data triggered by Cpt Maddox, and Picard must defend Data or lose him to Starfleet[49]

Home media release

The first home media release of "The Measure of the Man" was on VHS cassette, appearing on October 12, 1994 in the United States and Canada.[50] The episode has been included in the season two DVD box set, released in on May 7, 2002.[51] The most recent release was as part of the season two Blu-ray set on December 4, 2012.[52] For the season two Blu-ray set, CBS decided to include a special "Extended Cut". This added thirteen minutes of footage, previously cut from the broadcast version, most of which only existed on a VHS cassette owned by Snodgrass. CBS was able to add further footage from their archives. The difference in the running time was attributed to "small personal moments" by Snodgrass, which added that Riker wanted to beat Picard although he cared for Data. This was emphasised in one particular scene, which Snodgrass was pleased had been restored to the episode.[1] "The Measure of a Man" received a cinematic release alongside "Q Who" for one night on November 29, 2012 to promote the Blu-ray release.[53] This was the second time that a pair of The Next Generation episodes received a cinematic release to promote the release of a Blu-ray season box set.[54]

Extended cut

An extended version was known to exist as VHS copy in the possession of Melinda Snodgrass, who wrote several episodes of this series.[55] CBS produced an extended version of "The Measure of a Man" and released it in 2012.[55] The runtime is 57 minutes, which is 13 minutes longer than the original broadcast version.[55]

See also

Notes
  1. ""The Measure of a Man" – 26 Years Later". StarTrek.com. February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  2. Ayers 2006, p. 56.
  3. Nemecek 2003, p. 77.
  4. Reeves-Stevens & Reeves-Stevens 1998, p. 90.
  5. Gross & Altman 1993, p. 176.
  6. Nemecek 2003, p. 65.
  7. Nemecek 2003, p. 98.
  8. Gross & Altman 1993, p. 183.
  9. Candido, Keith (September 12, 2011). "Star Trek: The Next Generation Rewatch: "The Measure of a Man"". Tor.com. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  10. Napoliello, Renee (December 18, 2015). "Trekkies unite! Six reasons 'Star Trek' is better than 'Star Wars'". Bucks County Courier Times. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  11. Harrisson, Juliette (November 5, 2012). "10 Groundbreaking Episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation". Den of Geek. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  12. Goldsmith, J. "CS 585 Section 002, Spring 2013: Science Fiction and Computer Ethics". University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on October 13, 2015. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  13. Introna 2009, p. 97.
  14. Introna 2009, p. 102.
  15. Cole, Richard (March 21, 1993). "Study looks at 'Star Trek' legal system". Daily News. Bowling Green, Kentucky. AP. p. 21. Retrieved May 14, 2016 – via Google News.
  16. Chaires & Chilton 2003, p. 54.
  17. Hoffman, Jordan (June 27, 2015). "How Seth MacFarlane Turned the Bro-Skewing Ted 2 into the Apex of His Star Trek Fanaticism". Esquire. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  18. "Star Trek: The Next Generation Nielsen Ratings – Seasons 1–2". TrekNation. Archived from the original on October 5, 2000. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
  19. Gross & Altman 1993, p. 177.
  20. "AOL chats/Michael Piller/pillrcht.txt". AOL. Retrieved May 13, 2016 – via Memory Alpha.
  21. Spiner, Brent. "Brent Spiner on Reddit AMA". reddit.com. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  22. Vary, Adam B. (December 4, 2012). "Patrick Stewart on 'Star Trek: TNG,' returning to 'X-Men,' and Wil Wheaton's beard". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  23. McKnight, Brent. "Patrick Stewart Reveals His Favorite Star Trek Episode". Cinema Blend. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  24. Sirtis, Marina [@Marina_Sirtis] (April 27, 2013). "@atrain_moore: @Marina_Sirtis what's your favourite episode of TNG? Measure of a Man" (Tweet). Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016 – via Twitter.
  25. Vary, Adam B. (November 30, 2012). "'Star Trek: The Next Generation' deleted scene: Picard has surprising counsel for Data in 'Measure of a Man' – Exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  26. Jones & Parkin 2003, p. 113.
  27. Van Hise & Schuster 1995, p. 88.
  28. Van Hise & Schuster 1995, p. 89.
  29. "Critic picks five favorite 'The Next Generation' episodes". San Jose Mercury News. May 19, 1994. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2016 – via HighBeam Research.
  30. Rahner, Mark (May 14, 2002). "'Ocean's Eleven' among releases that are worth the gamble". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2016 – via HighBeam Research.
  31. Handlen, Zack (June 17, 2010). "Star Trek: The Next Generation: "Unnatural Selection"/"Matter Of Honor"/"The Measure Of A Man"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  32. Hunt, James (June 21, 2013). "Revisiting Star Trek TNG: The Measure Of A Man". Den of Geek. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  33. "'Star Trek: The Next Generation': The Top 10 Episodes". Entertainment Weekly. September 19, 2007. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
  34. Thill, Scott (October 19, 2012). "Best Star Trek: The Next Generation Episodes, According to You". Wired. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  35. Anders, Charlie Jane (February 10, 2014). "The Top 100 Star Trek Episodes Of All Time!". io9. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  37. "'Star Trek: The Next Generation' - The 25 Best Episodes". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  38. "Star Trek: The 10 All Time Best (And 10 Worst) Episodes, Officially Ranked". ScreenRant. December 28, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  39. Knapp, Alex. "The 10 Best Singularity Themed Star Trek Episodes". Forbes. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  40. "The 50 Greatest Star Trek moments of all time - 6". Radio Times. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  41. Siede, Caroline (September 6, 2016). "Star Trek, explained for non-Trekkies". Vox. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  42. Star Trek: The Top 25 Episodes - IGN, retrieved August 5, 2019
  43. "Star Trek: The Next Generation's 25 must-watch episodes". Den of Geek. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  44. "The 11 Best STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION Episodes". Nerdist. Retrieved July 31, 2019.
  45. "The 10 Best Star Trek: TNG Episodes Of All Time". ScreenRant. March 7, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
  46. "'Star Trek: The Next Generation' - The 25 Best Episodes". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  47. "Our Seven Essential Picard Episodes from Star Trek: TNG". January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  48. Snowden 2020-01-23T13:39:29Z, Scott. "A complete guide to what 'Star Trek' to watch before 'Star Trek: Picard'". Space.com. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  49. Phipps, Keith (January 27, 2020). "The 14 Best Star Trek Entries to Accompany Picard". Vulture. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  50. "Star Trek – The Next Generation, Episode 35: The Measure Of A Man (VHS)". Tower Video. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  51. Beierle, Aaron (May 3, 2002). "Star Trek: Next Generation (Season 2)". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
  52. Miller II, Randy (December 3, 2012). "Star Trek: The Next Generation – Season Two (Blu-ray)". DVD Talk. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
  53. Nicholson, Max (November 8, 2012). "IGN and Fathom Present: Star Trek: TNG Beams Back Into Theaters for Season 2's Blu-ray Release". IGN. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  54. Collura, Scott (July 24, 2012). "Star Trek: The Next Generation Lives Again on the Big Screen". IGN. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
  55. "The Extended Version Of Star Trek TNG 'The Measure Of A Man'". holodeck3. wordpress.com. June 11, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2021.

References
  • Ayers, Jeff (2006). Star Trek: Voyages of Imagination. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-41650-349-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Chaires, Robert H.; Chilton, Bradley Stewart, eds. (2003). Star Trek Visions of Law and Justice. Dallas: Adios Press. ISBN 978-0-96680-802-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Geralty, Lincoln (2008). The Influence of Star Trek on Television, Film and Culture. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-43034-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gross, Edward; Altman, Mark A. (1993). Captain's Logs: The Complete Trek Voyages. London: Boxtree. ISBN 978-1-85283-899-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Introna, Lucas D. (2009). "The 'Measure of a Man' and the Ethos of Hospitality: Towards an Ethical Dwelling with Technology" (PDF). AI & Society. 1 (25). doi:10.1007/s00146-009-0242-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Nemecek, Larry (2003). Star Trek: The Next Generation Companion (3rd ed.). New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-5798-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Reeves-Stevens, Judith; Reeves-Stevens, Garfield (1998). Star Trek: The Next Generation: The Continuing Mission (2nd ed.). New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-67102-559-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Van Hise, James; Schuster, Hal (1995). The Complete Next Generation. Las Vegas: Pioneer Books. ISBN 978-1-55698-377-1. OCLC 33260702.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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