Texas kangaroo rat

Texas kangaroo rat seen in Carter County, Oklahoma, 9-20-2020, J. P. Greeley | name = Texas kangaroo rat | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Dipodomys | species = elator | authority = Merriam, 1894 }}

The Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator) is a rodent of the family Heteromyidae.[2] It is endemic to Texas where it often lives in association with brush species like mesquite and lotebush growing in areas with firm clay-loam soils. It is a relatively large kangaroo rat that ranges in size from approximately 60 grams to 95 or more. Males and females of this species are sexually dimorphic, males being larger than females. Its distribution is within north-central Texas and it is only found within 13 counties. It was formerly found in Oklahoma, but is thought to have since been extirpated. The species is listed as threatened by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the IUCN lists the species as vulnerable.

At one time, many thought that Texas kangaroo rats were associated with brush, especially mesquite. Recent investigations indicate that lotebush is also important and the rat may not even need brush. Burrows are not always associated with brush species and can occur on small prairie mounds. They also opportunistically use loose, friable soil that accumulates along fence lines and pasture roads. [3] [4]

The rat has been shown in a study that analyzed cheek pouch contents of several individuals to eat leaves of grasses and some perennials, stems, and seeds. In this one study area near fields that contained Johnson grass and cultivated oats, seeds from these plants were found to make up the largest part of their diet. Breeding has not been studied extensively but generally they have a promiscuous mating system, mature early, mate all year with peaks in spring and summer, and have about 3 young per brood.

One of the largest threats that this organism faces is habitat loss and degradation due to agriculture within Texas. Monocultures like wheat fields are a large issue and under- or overgrazing rangelands can be a problem when range plants become too dense or to many cattle eat the plants that they feed on during instances of overgrazing. However, if grazing occurs properly, the rodents benefit. Proper grazing helps create amounts of bare ground needed for dust bathing, movement, seed caching, and burrow sites. [3] [4] This is an area that should be researched more in order to better understand their habitat selection and the effect that these land-use practices have on the organism.

References
  1. Linzey, A. V.; NatureServe (Wahl, R.; Roth, E.; Hammerson, G. & Horner, P. (2008). "Dipodomys elator". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Patton, J.L. (2005). "Family Heteromyidae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 845. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

3. Nelson, A. D., J. R. Goetze, and J. S. Henderson. 2011. Vegetation associated with the Texas kangaroo rat burrows in Wichita County, Texas. Texas Journal of Science 66:3-20.

https://www.researchgatenet/publication/303538847_VEGETATION_ASSOCIATED_WITH_TEXAS_KANGAROO_RAT_DIPODOMYS_ELATOR_BURROWS_IN_WICHITA_COUNTY_TEXAS

4. Nelson, A. D., J. R. Goetze, E. Watson, and M. Nelson. 2009. Changes in vegetation patterns and their effect on Texas kangaroo rats (Dipodomys elator). Texas Journal of Science 61:119-130

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283720234_Changes_in_vegetation_patterns_and_their_effect_on_Texas_kangaroo_rats_Dipodomys_elator

Further reading
  • Mammals of Texas. Texas Kangaroo Rat
  • Carter, D.C., W.D. Webster, J.K. Jones Jr., C. Jones, and R.D. Suttkus.1985. Dipodomys elator. Mammalian Species 232:1–3.
  • Chapman, B.R. 1972. Food Habits of Loring's Kangaroo Rat, Dipodomys elator. Journal of Mammalogy 53:877–880.
  • Dalquest, W.W. and G. Collier. 1964. Notes on Dipodomys elator, a rare kangaroo rat. The Southwestern Naturalist 9:146–150.
  • Goetze, J. R., W.C. Stasey, A.D. Nelson, and P.D. Sudman. 2007. Habitat attributes and population size of Texas kangaroo rats on an intensely grazed pasture in Wichita County, Texas. Texas Journal of Science 59:11–22.
  • Martin, R.E. and K.G. Matocha.1991. The Texas kangaroo rat, Dipodomys elator, from Motley Co., Texas, with notes on habitat attributes. The Southwestern Naturalist 36:354–356.
  • Martin, R.E. and K.G. Matocha. 1972. Distributional status of the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys elator. Journal of Mammalogy 53:873–877.
  • Moss, S.P. and P. Mehlhop-Cifelli. 1990. Status of the Texas kangaroo rat, Dipodomys elator (Heteromyidae), in Oklahoma. The Southwestern Naturalist 35:356–358.
  • Roberts, J.D. and R.L. Packard. 1973. Comments on movements, home range and ecology of the Texas kangaroo rat, Dipodomys elator Merriam. Journal of Mammalogy 54:957–962.
  • Stangl, F.B., T.S. Schafer, J.R. Goetze, and W. Pinchak. 1992. Opportunistic use of modified and disturbed habitat by the Texas kangaroo rat (Dipodomys elator). The Texas Journal of Science 44:25-25.
  • Webster, D. and K. Jones. 1985. Nongeographic variation, reproduction, and demography in the Texas kangaroo rat, Dipodomys elator (Rodentia: Heteromyidae). The Texas Journal of Science 37:51–56
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