TVRI

TVRI (Televisi Republik Indonesia, Television of the Republic of Indonesia), legally Lembaga Penyiaran Publik (LPP) Televisi Republik Indonesia (Public Broadcasting Institution Television of the Republic of Indonesia) is a public television network and the oldest television network in Indonesia. Its national headquarters is in Gelora, Central Jakarta.[1]

This article is about public national television in Indonesia. For public international television in Romania, see TVRi.
LPP Televisi Republik Indonesia
TypePublic television network
Country
Indonesia
Founded24 August 1962 (1962-08-24)
SloganMedia Pemersatu Bangsa
(The Nation's Unifying Media)
RevenueRp137 billion (2016)
HeadquartersJalan Gerbang Pemuda, Gelora, Central Jakarta
Broadcast area
Nationwide and worldwide
OwnerIndonesia[note 1]
Key people
Pamungkas Trishadiatmoko (Chairman, Board of Supervisors ad interim)
Iman Brotoseno (President Director ad interim)
TVRI Kanal 3
TVRI Sport HD
TVRI World (Planned)
TVRI (also broadcast in digital)
AffiliatesSee Regional stations
Official website
www.tvri.go.id
LanguageIndonesian language English language
TVRI
Programming
Picture format576i SDTV
1080i HDTV (March 2019)
Ownership
Sister channelsMNCTV (1990–1997)
BeritaSatu (1998–2011)
Swara Channel (1998–2011)
TVRI Kanal 3 (2010-present)
TVRI Sport HD (2010-present)
History
Launched24 August 1962 (1962-08-24)
Availability
Cable
MNC Play MediaChannel 118
First MediaChannel 12
TransVisionChannel 818
Sky TVChannel 184
StarHub TV
(Singapore)		Channel 179
Aora TVChannel 901
Cablelink (Philippines)Channel 267
Destiny Cable/Sky Cable (Philippines)Channel 239 & 874
Satellite
MNC VisionChannel 118
TransVisionChannel 184
Sky TVChannel 184
Cignal (Philippines)Channel 157
G Sat (Philippines)Channel 117
Telkom-4
(free-to-air)		3926/H/4000 (MPEG-4/HD)
3921/H/3500 (MPEG-2/SD)
Streaming media
TVRI KlikWatch live
MetubeWatch live (TVRI Nasional)
(Indonesia only)
VidioWatch live (TVRI Nasional)
UseeTVWatch live (TVRI Nasional)
(Indonesia only)
TVRI station tower in Senayan, Jakarta

TVRI monopolized television broadcasting in Indonesia until 24 August 1989, when the first commercial television station RCTI went on the air. Alongside RRI, TVRI was converted into a public broadcaster on 18 March 2005, becoming the first public broadcaster in the country.[2]

TVRI currently broadcasts throughout the country with both analog and digital means of broadcast. TVRI operates three national channels (with two of them only broadcasting in digital) as well as 30 regional stations and 361 transmitters.

History
See also: Television in Indonesia § History

1962-1975: The idea and initial broadcast

The initial idea to establish a television station in Indonesia was put forward by then Minister of Information Maladi as far as 1952. The argument at the time is that it would be useful for the socialization of the upcoming 1955 general election, but the idea was failed because the idea was deemed as too expensive by the cabinet.[3]

As a part of the preparations for the 1962 Asian Games to be held in Jakarta, in 1961 the Indonesian government decided to include the establishment of a national television station. Later that year, the Television Preparation Committee was formed by the Ministry of Information. On 23 October, President Sukarno ordered to build a studio in the land originally planned for Academy of Information (AKPEN) in Senayan, Jakarta and two television towers, as well as preparing programs and human resources.

TVRI was formed based on the Decree of the Minister of Information of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20/SK/VII/61, then it became part of the Bureau of Radio and Television under the Asian Games IV Organizing Committee later on 1962 Asian Games. TVRI broadcast its first test transmission on the Independence Day celebrations from the Merdeka Palace on 17 August 1962. TVRI went on air, airing the 1962 Asian Games opening ceremony on 24 August 1962. It broadcasts the Asian Games event; live broadcasts were held from the morning to evening and delay broadcasts were held from 20:45 until 23:00 WIB.[4] With TVRI's presence, Indonesia became the sixth country in eastern Asia that has television station, behind Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, China and South Korea.

TVRI began broadcasting advertisements starting March 1963. Later on 20 October 1963, the Yayasan TVRI (TVRI Foundation) was formally created as the official governing authority for the station with President of Indonesia as Chairman. The foundation experience several changes and lasted until late 1990s.

Two years later, the first regional TVRI station opened in Yogyakarta. Later many regional TVRI stations were opened, including Semarang, Medan, Surabaya, Makassar, Manado, Batam, Palembang, Denpasar and Balikpapan. In years to come, TVRI were operating as a network of these regional stations.

1975-1998: Under the New Order

In 1974, eight years after President Suharto took office, TVRI became a part of the Information Ministry, with the status as a directorate. Its role was to inform the public about government policies. A year after, a decree instituted TVRI a dual status, as a part of the TVRI Foundation and a part of the directorate. In 1976, it began to be broadcast all over Indonesia via Palapa satellite.

The first colour television signal was transmitted via satellite transmission in 1979. The first colour news bulletins were Berita Nasional (National News), Dunia Dalam Berita (The World in News), breaking events segments on Laporan Khusus (Special Report) and Berita Terakhir (Last News).

TVRI in the late 1970s and 1980s became a well-defined mass media component of the Department of Information, in early years it generating income from advertising slots. After enjoying income from advertisements for years, President Suharto in its speech abolished the advertisement on TVRI in 1981 in order to "better directing television to help the development programs and avoid negative effects that do not support the spirit of development". This policy would later be revoked after the reform era.

During the era, the government-backed TVRI progressively established television production studios and television stations in many provinces across the country. As of 1998, all provinces in Indonesia had their own TVRI regional station or production studio; including East Timor.

TVRI launched a second channel TVRI Programa Dua (TVRI Programme Two, later TVRI Jakarta) in 1989[5] to attract Jakarta urban audience, with a single English-language news program Six Thirty Report for half an hour that began at 18:30 WIB. However in the same year TVRI lost its monopoly when the government's sixth Five Year Plan allowed private television stations to begin broadcasting, the first commercial television station being RCTI.

In 1994, TVRI launched its teletext service TVRI-Text, in partnership with PT Pilar Kumalajaya, about four months after RCTI launched the first teletext in the country.[6]

1998-2006: Transformation and restructurization

Starting from 16 November 1998, TVRI introduced the weekday morning broadcast from 05.30 WIB to 09.30 WIB; previously TVRI aired the morning broadcast only on Sunday, national holidays and state events. This airtime addition would continue until 14 July 2001, where TVRI began its full daytime broadcasts while continuing to close at night.

After the start of the reform era, especially in 2000, TVRI's status was changed. Under a service corporation (Perusahaan Jawatan or Perjan) form, it became responsible firstly to the Ministry of Finance and was then turned into a limited company under the authority of the State Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises for organizational matters and Ministry of Finance for financial matters. Under this arrangement, TVRI broadcasts in accordance with the principles of public television such as independent, neutral and public interest-oriented. Later in 2002, the status of TVRI has changed again to a limited company (Perseroan Terbatas or PT), still under the two ministries.

The enactment of the Act No. 32/2002 on Broadcasting designated TVRI, along with RRI, as the public broadcasting institution (Lembaga penyiaran publik or LPP) and were removed from any direct governmental control. TVRI was given a transition period of 3 years from PT to public broadcasting form. The status then reaffirmed by Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah) No. 13/2005. TVRI officially became LPP on 18 March 2005.

On 12 October 2004, Ministry of Education and Culture (then Ministry of National Education) launched the educational satellite channel TVE (later TV Edukasi). Possibly as a part of widening TVE's reach to larger Indonesian audiences, TVE partnered with TVRI — under the partnership TVRI agree to relay daytime TVE broadcasts starting in 2004. The partnership ends in the early 2010s.

2006-present: Modernization and rebranding

Following the government plan to introduce digital television in Indonesia, TVRI launched its digital broadcasting on 21 December 2010. Initially launched in Jakarta, Surabaya and Batam, TVRI also launched two digital terrestrial channel: TVRI 3 (currently TVRI Kanal 3) and TVRI 4 (currently TVRI Sport HD). The channels were the first digital terrestrial channel in Indonesia. The launch was attended by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Minister of Communications and Information Technology Tifatul Sembiring.[7][8]

In 2017, the TVRI board of supervisors installed a well-known television figure Helmy Yahya as the chief director and Apni Jaya Putra (former programming director at Kompas TV) as the news and programming director. In the leadership era of Helmy Yahya and Apni Jaya Putra, TVRI began to remodel its programming on a large scale.

On March 29, 2019, at the concert special Menggapai Dunia (Reaching the World), TVRI adopted its new logo as a part of the rebranding efforts. The new logo was actually decided to be released in the fourth quarter of 2018, but for several reasons, it was postponed at the end of March 2019. At the same time, all TVRI regional stations have changed their logo in front of their respective studios.

In August 2019, TVRI together with two national private networks (Metro TV and Trans7) and Ministry of Communication and Information Technology officially launched digital television broadcasts for border regions in Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan. With the launch, the government hoped that people in all regions of Indonesia can watch the best, high quality shows that are broadcast on all national and local TV with sharper and clearer images than analog television, without the need for fees such as buying a television (only paying to buy an antenna and set-top box).[9]

As the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia urging the government to appeal Indonesians to "work, study, and pray at home", the Ministry of Education and Culture renewed again its partnership with TVRI, this time to broadcast educational programming on a dedicated block on the TVRI network starting 13 April 2020. Titled Belajar dari Rumah, the block consists of kids program Jalan Sesama for young children, instructional programming for elementary and high school students, and a parenting program on weekdays; as well as national movies at several weeknights and children, talkshow, and documentary programs at weekends. The block is aired every day at 08.00 to 11.00 WIB and 21.30 to 23.30 WIB on several weeknights, and also broadcast on TV Edukasi.

A proposed new Broadcasting Act currently in the making, replacing Act No. 32/2002, would merge TVRI with RRI into RTRI (Radio Televisi Republik Indonesia, Radio [and] Television of the Republic of Indonesia).[10]

Structure

TVRI is designated as public broadcasting institution per Act No. 32 of 2002 on Broadcasting, which defined as a "legal entity established by the state, independent, neutral, not commercial, and has the function to provide services for the public benefit". Its duty, according to Government Regulation No. 13 of 2005, is "to provide the healthy information, education and entertainment services, (maintain) social control and unity, and preserve the nation's culture for the whole public benefit by organizing television broadcast that reaches all parts of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia". TVRI is formally placed directly under, and responsible to, the President of Indonesia, as the network is no longer an agency of any ministry.

TVRI organization structure consists of five Board of Supervisors (Dewan Pengawas) appointed by the People's Representative Council (DPR) and six Board of Directors (Dewan Direksi) appointed by the Board of Supervisors. Both are sworn in by the President, served for five years and renewable once.

According to article 15 of the Broadcasting Act, TVRI funded by several sources such as broadcasting fees, annual state budget (drafted by the government and approved by the DPR), community contribution, and advertisement, as well as other legal efforts related to the broadcasting operation. In fact, as of today the broadcasting fee is not yet implemented, and TVRI is asked to generate "non-tax revenue" for the state by various funding sources (except state or regional budget) regulated in Government Regulation No. 33/2017; which some of the revenue would be returned to the network. Previously, a "television fee" has been existed to supplement TVRI funding besides the state budget until the 1990s, but later abolished.

As of 2018 TVRI has approximately 4.300 employees, with an estimated 1.800 of whom are based in Jakarta. Despite the network's independent principle from the government, about 90% of its employees are civil servants under Ministry of Communication and Information Technology.[11]

Services

Channels

TVRI currently operates three national channels and a dedicated regional channel, some of them currently broadcast in digital (DVB-T/T2) only:

  • TVRI (or TVRI Nasional to distinguish from other TVRI channels): The main channel with nationwide coverage, currently networked with TVRI regional stations in its analog channel. The channel broadcasts information and educational content as well as entertainment from as early as 03:45 to as late as 01:30 WIB the next day, except during sports occasions and the Ramadan season where it broadcasts throughout the night.
  • Kanal 2: Currently TVRI Jakarta serves in Jakarta as a local station in both analog and digital terrestrial broadcast. "TVRI Kanal 2" exists in digital as host for TVRI regional stations by their respective on-air names, with the hope that all regional programming will no longer be carried on TVRI Nasional in the future.
  • Kanal 3: The digital-only channel, currently broadcasts cultural programming.
  • TVRI Sport HD: The digital-only channel, currently broadcasts sports programming as well as simulcasting live sports events from TVRI Nasional in High Definition.
  • TVRI World: A planned cable and satellite-only channel targeted for international audience and Indonesians living abroad.

Regional stations

TVRI has 30 regional stations covering all provinces of Indonesia, shown below in their native names and broadcast area:

A former regional station for East Timor, TVRI Dili, ceased operation in 1999. East Timor national broadcaster RTTL currently takes place.

Online services

TVRI currently maintain two online services. TVRI Klik is the primarily online streaming service for all TVRI channels, as well as its regional stations. TVRI VoD is the network's video-on-demand service. Both services could be accessed from their dedicated Android and iOS apps as well as their website.

Besides TVRI Klik, the channels and regional stations streaming service can also be found on the network's official website.

Criticism and controversies

Structural problems
Main article: Public broadcasting in Indonesia § Criticism

Corruption scandals

In 2013, TVRI Director of Finance Eddy Machmudi Effendi was sentenced to 8 years 6 months in prison due to programming broadcast scandal. The scandal involved Director of News and Programming Irwan Hendarmin and Indonesian senior comedian Mandra, which the term "Mandragate" was coined.[12][13]

Political events airing

On June 6, 2013, TVRI aired a delayed broadcast of the Muktamar Khilafah (Caliphate Conference) organized by Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta.[14] The Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) Commissioner, Idy Muzayyad assesses that TVRI as a public broadcasting institution has "experiencing national disorientation" by broadcasting this event because "HTI's ideology is questioning the state ideology and nationalism, as well as rejecting democracy"; but HTI spokesperson Ismail Yusanto says that "TVRI is a public broadcaster, and HTI is also a part of the public" and the broadcast is "a part of the public's right to be broadcast and heard".[15] TVRI was called and was open to the possibility of being sanctioned by KPI.[16]

Later on September 15, TVRI aired a delayed broadcast of Democratic Party convention for more than 2 hours, the political party of which was founded by the incumbent president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The broadcast again caused KPI sanctioning, due to the violation of political independence principle according to the law.[17] However, TVRI directors secretary manager Usi Karundeng says that the network was never intervened or paid for by the party.[18]

The dismissal of Helmy Yahya and internal chaos

On December 6, 2019, Helmy Yahya has been temporarily dismissed as President Director for the 2017-2022 period by the TVRI Board of Supervisors lead by Arief Hidayat Thamrin and replaced by acting President Director Supriyono. According to news sources in almost all mass media on January 16, 2020, Helmy Yahya was officially dismissed from his position by the board permanently and unilaterally; citing the "too expensive" purchase of broadcast rights for the Premier League from Djarum-owned premium multiplatform network Mola TV, a problem during Siapa Berani quiz show, and other problems.[19][20] The dismissal made most of the public (including netizens) disappointed and wanted to defend that Helmy Yahya remained legitimate in leading TVRI until 2022, but unfortunately the board continued to refuse Helmy Yahya's defense until the election for the new president director to replace him.[21]

In January 17, 4,000 TVRI employees declared motion of no confidence to the Board of Supervisors. One day before, Board's room was sealed.[22]

As of March 27, 2020, another three directors (including News (Editor in Chief) and Program Director Apni Jaya Putra) were temporarily dismissed for less than a month by the TVRI Board of Supervisors regarding the Helmy Yahya case.[23] Unfortunately, after the dismissal of the three directors the conflict was still revoked. On May 13, all of them (including Apni) were permanently dismissed.[24]

On May 27, 2020, the TVRI Board of Supervisors has appointed Indonesian advertising practitioner, journalist, and filmmaker/film director Iman Brotoseno as the new President Director for the remainder of the 2017-2022 period, replacing Helmy Yahya.[25] The appointment caused controversy thanks to his endorsement for incumbent president Joko Widodo in the 2019 election, but he stated that he "would be independent and impartial".[26] He's also criticized for his past posts on Twitter which included an Indonesian colloquial term for "porn", and porn films.[27]

In October 5, 2020, the Board of Supervisors Arief Hidayat Thamrin was dismissed by first commission of People's Representative Council.[28] However, Arief was suspended from power since May 11.[29]

Logos
  • 1962–1971 (Mobile and OB vans)
  • 1962–1971 (Cameras)
  • 1962–1978 (Corporate)
    24 August 1962 (1962-08-24)
  • 1978–1982
  • 1982–1999
  • 1990–1999 (Identity, used in station ID after all TVRI news programs
  • 1991–1995 (On-air)
  • 1999–2001
  • 2001–2003
  • 2003–2007
  • 2007–2019
  • 2019–present (Corporate and promotional)
  • 2019–present (On-air and commercial break bug)

List of slogans
  • Menjalin Persatuan dan Kesatuan (Weaving Unity and Oneness, 1990s–2001)
  • Makin Dekat Di Hati (Going Closer to The Heart, 2001–2003)
  • Semangat Baru (New Spirit, 2003–2012)
  • Saluran Pemersatu Bangsa (The Nation's Unifying Channel, 2012–2019)
  • Media Pemersatu Bangsa (The Nation's Unifying Media, 2019–present)

See also

Notes
  1. Act No. 32 of 2002 on Broadcasting does not specifically mention the ownership of "public broadcasting institution" (LPP), the status of which TVRI is attached to; it only mention that LPP is "established by the state". This provision is in contrast to the previous Act No. 24 of 1997 which clearly describe TVRI as a "government broadcasting institution". While the network still enjoys national budget appropriation and its asset is classified as state-owned, it should maintain its independent and neutral mandate; adhering to the public broadcasting principles.

References
  1. "Televisi Republik Indonesia TVRI". tvri.go.id. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  2. Ndolu, Frederik (2009). "Presentation 3: PUBLIC BROADCASTING IN INDONESIA". Japan Media Communication Center. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  3. "Armando", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2003, doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t004082, retrieved 2020-06-04
  4. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. Kitley, Philip (2000). Television, Nation and Culture in Indonesia. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies. p. 349. ISBN 9780896804173. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  6. Kompas, 5 June 1994, taken from MrRyanBandung. "Teletext, Kiat Baru Menjual TV Tahun 1994". Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  7. "Siaran Pers No. 140/PIH/KOMINFO/12/2010Peresmian Pemancar Televisi Digital TVRI oleh Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono". www.postel.go.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2020-06-04. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  8. Media, Kompas Cyber. "TVRI Sediakan Empat Kanal Program Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  9. "Kemenkominfo". 2019-09-02. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
  10. Saragih, Bagus BT (2015). "RRI, TVRI: The forgotten agents of change". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  11. Widhana, Dieqy Hasbi. "Senjakala TVRI: Dijauhi Anak Muda, Digerakkan PNS Berusia Tua". Tirto.id. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  12. Widhana, Dieqy Hasbi (2015). "Dari Korupsi ke Korupsi, Itulah TVRI". Tirto.id. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  13. Hatta, Raden Trimutia (2015). "Mandragate, Fenomena Gunung Es Korupsi di TVRI". Liputan6.com. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  14. "Ribuan Peserta Muktamar Hizbut Tahrir Berdatangan, Senayan Macet". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2017-08-30.
  15. Desastian. "Eks Presenter TVRI Debat KPI Soal Siaran Muktamar Khilafah di TVRI". VOA-Islam (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  16. "Siarkan Acara Hizbut Tahrir Pagi Ini, TVRI Terancam Mendapat Sanksi". Rakyat Merdeka (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2017-10-30.
  17. "KPI Jatuhkan Sanksi Pada TVRI Terkait Siaran Konvensi Demokrat". Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI). 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  18. "TVRI bantah diintervensi Partai Demokrat". BBC Indonesia. 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  19. Helmy Yahya Dipecat Gara-gara Hak Siar Liga Inggris, retrieved 2020-01-21
  20. Antara (2020-01-17). "Helmy Yahya jelaskan pemberhentian dirinya sebagai Dirut TVRI". Antara News. Archived from the original on 2020-01-18. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
  21. "Direksi TVRI Bela Helmy Yahya: Dewas Tahu Soal Pembelian Liga Inggris - Katadata.co.id". katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). 2020-01-27. Archived from the original on 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  22. "Jalan Panjang Pemecatan Dewas TVRI usai Memberhentikan Helmy Yahya". tirto.id. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  23. "Dewas TVRI beritahu DPR nama pelaksana harian tiga direktur nonaktif". Antara. 2020-03-29. Archived from the original on 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  24. "Diduga Kisruh Berlanjut, Dewas TVRI Copot Direktur Berita Apni Jaya Putra". Suara (in Indonesian). 2020-05-13. Archived from the original on 2020-05-26. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  25. "Dewas Resmi Lantik Iman Brotoseno Jadi Dirut TVRI". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  26. Ali, Muhammad (2020). "Jadi Dirut TVRI, Iman Brotoseno: Saya Akan Independen dan Tidak Berpihak". Liputan6.com. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  27. "Cuitan Soal Bokep dan Mesum Viral, Iman Brotoseno: Tiap Orang Punya Masa Lalu". idtoday.co. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  28. "Ini Alasan DPR Berhentikan Ketua Dewas TVRI". finance.detik.com. October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  29. "Presiden Jokowi Berhentikan Ketua Dewas TVRI Arief Hidayat Thamrin, ini Sebabnya". industri.kontan.co.id. Retrieved November 12, 2020.

Further reading
  • Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia (1999) Indonesia 1999: An Official Handbook (No ISBN)
  • Schwartz, Adam (1994) A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s, Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-635-2
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