Synergini

Synergini
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Cynipidae
Subfamily:	Cynipinae
Tribe:	Synergini
Genera
	See text;

Synergini is a tribe of tropical gall wasps in the subfamily Cynipinae.[1][2]

Genera

The following genera are generally accepted within Synergini:[3]

Agastoroxenia[4]
Ceroptres
Lithosaphonecrus[5]
Periclistus
Saphonecrus
Rhoophilus[6]
Synergus
Synophromorpha
Ufo

All of these except Lithosaphonecrus and Rhoophilus are found in the eastern Palearctic realm.[3] Synergus has the greatest number of species in Synergini.[6]

A proposed reworking of the entire Cynipidae family published in 2015 transferred Ceroptres to a tribe of its own, and Periclistus and Synophromorpha to the tribe Diastrophini. In this proposed revision, Agastoroxenia, Lithonecrus, Lithosaphonecrus, Rhoophilus, Saphonecrus, Synophrus, Synergus, Ufo remain within Synergini.[7]

Gall use

Members of Synergini have lost the ability to create their own galls, and instead make use of galls left behind by other wasps. As a result, they are classified as inquilines.[8] Species in Synergini usually make use of galls left by wasps in tribe Cynipini.[6] Members of genus Periclistus reside in rose-cynipid galls, Synophromorpha on galls in Rubus plants, and the remainder in oak-cynipid galls.[3]

References

Wachi N, Ide T, Abe Y (2011-05-01). "A New Inquiline Species of Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) Associated with Cecidomyiid Galls on Oak Trees in Japan". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 104 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1603/an10187. ISSN 0013-8746.
Fernandes GW, Santos JC (2014-06-26). Neotropical Insect Galls. Springer. p. 467. ISBN 9789401787833.
Melika G, Choi JY, Pujade-Villar J, Pénzes Z, Fülöp D (2007-09-01). "A New Species of Inquiline Cynipid of the Genus Ufo Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2005 from Korea (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 10 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60353-2. ISSN 1226-8615.
Nieves-Aldrey JL, Medianero E (1 July 2010). "Agastoroxenia panamensis, a New Genus and Species of Inquiline Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) of the Neotropics". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 103 (4): 492–499. doi:10.1603/AN09148.
Schwéger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Yang MM, Stone GN, Nicholls JA, et al. (December 2015). "New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic, with a re-appraisal of known species world-wide". Zootaxa. 4054: 1–84. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4054.1.1. PMID 26701460.
Acs Z, Challis RJ, Bihari P, Blaxter M, Hayward A, Melika G, et al. (April 2010). "Phylogeny and DNA barcoding of inquiline oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the Western Palaearctic" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 55 (1): 210–25. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.004. PMID 20004727.
Ronquist F, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Buffington ML, Liu Z, Liljeblad J, Nylander JA (2015-05-20). "Phylogeny, evolution and classification of gall wasps: the plot thickens". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0123301. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023301R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123301. PMC 4439057. PMID 25993346.
Melika G, Ros-Farré P, Pénzes Z, Ács Z, Pujade-Villar J 2005. Ufo abei Melika et Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) new genus and new species from Japan. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 51 (4), 313–327.

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[1] Wachi N, Ide T, Abe Y (2011-05-01). "A New Inquiline Species of Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) Associated with Cecidomyiid Galls on Oak Trees in Japan". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 104 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1603/an10187. ISSN 0013-8746.

[2] Fernandes GW, Santos JC (2014-06-26). Neotropical Insect Galls. Springer. p. 467. ISBN 9789401787833.

[:0-3] Melika G, Choi JY, Pujade-Villar J, Pénzes Z, Fülöp D (2007-09-01). "A New Species of Inquiline Cynipid of the Genus Ufo Melika & Pujade-Villar, 2005 from Korea (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 10 (3): 197–200. doi:10.1016/S1226-8615(08)60353-2. ISSN 1226-8615.

[Nieves-Aldrey&Medianero-4] Nieves-Aldrey JL, Medianero E (1 July 2010). "Agastoroxenia panamensis, a New Genus and Species of Inquiline Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) of the Neotropics". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 103 (4): 492–499. doi:10.1603/AN09148.

[5] Schwéger S, Melika G, Tang CT, Yang MM, Stone GN, Nicholls JA, et al. (December 2015). "New species of cynipid inquilines of the genus Saphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) from the Eastern Palaearctic, with a re-appraisal of known species world-wide". Zootaxa. 4054: 1–84. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4054.1.1. PMID 26701460.

[:1-6] Acs Z, Challis RJ, Bihari P, Blaxter M, Hayward A, Melika G, et al. (April 2010). "Phylogeny and DNA barcoding of inquiline oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the Western Palaearctic" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 55 (1): 210–25. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.004. PMID 20004727.

[7] Ronquist F, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Buffington ML, Liu Z, Liljeblad J, Nylander JA (2015-05-20). "Phylogeny, evolution and classification of gall wasps: the plot thickens". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0123301. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023301R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123301. PMC 4439057. PMID 25993346.

[8] Melika G, Ros-Farré P, Pénzes Z, Ács Z, Pujade-Villar J 2005. Ufo abei Melika et Pujade-Villar (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini) new genus and new species from Japan. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 51 (4), 313–327.