Sumela Monastery

Sumela Monastery (Greek: Μονή Παναγίας Σουμελά, Moní Panagías Soumelá; Turkish: Sümela Manastırı) is a Greek Orthodox monastery dedicated to the Virgin Mary located at Karadağ (Greek: Sou Melá, meaning "Black Mountain")[2] within the Pontic Mountains, in the Maçka district of Trabzon Province in modern Turkey.

Sumela Monastery
Μονή Παναγίας Σουμελά, Sümela Manastırı
Close-up of Sumela monastery from across the valley
Location within Turkey
Monastery information
Establishedc. 386 CE
Disestablished1923
Architecture
StatusRuins
Functional statusTourist attraction
Heritage designationTentative UNESCO World Heritage Site[1]
Site
LocationMaçka, Trabzon Province, Turkey
Coordinates40°41′24″N 39°39′30″E
Public accessYes
Websitehttps://www.sumela.gov.tr
The monastery is on a ledge in a steep cliff
Sumela Monastery as illustrated in a postcard addressed in 1903
The "backyard" of the monastery today

Nestled in a steep cliff at an altitude of about 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) facing the Altındere valley, it is a site of great historical and cultural significance, as well as a major tourist attraction within Altındere National Park. Due to an increase in rock falls, on 22 September 2015 the monastery was closed to the public for safety reasons for the duration of one year to resolve the problem; this was later extended to three years. It reopened to tourists 25 May 2019.[3] The Monastery is one of the most important historic and touristic venues in Trabzon.[4]

History

It’s not known when the monastery was founded, but the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism places the date around AD 386, during the reign of the Emperor Theodosius I (375 - 395).[5][6] According to William Miller, two Athenian monks named Barnabas and Sophronios founded the monastery. It became famous for an icon of the Virgin Mary known as the Panagia Gorgoepekoos, said to have been painted by the Apostle Luke.[7]

During its long history, the monastery fell into ruin several times and was restored by various emperors. During the 6th century, it was restored and enlarged by General Belisarius at the behest of Justinian.[5]

It reached its present form in the 13th century after gaining prominence during the existence of the Empire of Trebizond. While the Emperors Basil and John II had endowed the monastery richly, it was during the reign of Alexios III (1349–1390) that Sumela received its most important largess: according to legend, the young Alexios was saved from a storm by the Virgin, and was bidden by her to restore the monastery. A chrysobull dated to 1365 confirms the freedom and autonomy of the monastery, together with all of its hereditary lands and dependents; exempts them from all taxes, except for one biannual tax; and restores to it the serfs whom the tax-collectors of Matzouka had illegally taken from it, listing 40 of the serfs by name. At that time, the monastery was granted an amount annually from imperial funds.[8] During the time of Manuel III, son of Alexios III, and during the reigns of subsequent princes, Sumela gained further wealth from imperial grants.

Following the conquest by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II in 1461, it was granted the sultan's protection and given rights and privileges that were renewed by following sultans. The monastery remained a popular destination for monks and travelers through the years.

In 1682 and for the following decades, the monastery housed the Phrontisterion of Trapezous, a well-known Greek educational institution of the region.[9]

Modern period

Until the Russian occupancy in Trabzon (1916 - 1918) , Sumela Monastery stayed active and visited by monks and Christian and Muslim pilgrimages.

In 1923, Ottoman Empire collapsed and after the National Liberty war, the independent Turkish Republic was founded by Ataturk. After 1923, Sumela Monastery was abandoned because of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey according to the Treaty of Lausanne.

In 1930, those who migrated founded a new monastery which they named as the new Panagia Soumela Monastery on the slopes of Mount Vermion, near the town of Naousa, in Macedonia, Greece. Some treasures from the old Sumela Monastery were carried to the new one in Greece.

With the fire in 1930, the wooden parts of the Sumela Monastery were destroyed. In the following years, treasure hunters damaged the other parts of the Monastery.

Today Sumela Monastery is a museum open to visitors from all over the world, and the restoration work is funded by the Turkish Government.[10]

Today the monastery's primary function is as a tourist attraction. It overlooks forests and streams, making it extremely popular for its aesthetic attraction as well as for its cultural and religious significance.

As of 2012, the Turkish government is funding reconstruction work, and the monastery is enjoying a revival in pilgrimage from Greece and Russia.

On 15 August 2010, Orthodox divine liturgy was allowed to take place in the monastery compound.[11][12][13] A special pass issued by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is now required to visit on August 15, the day of the Dormition of the Theotokos or Feast of the Assumption, when a divine liturgy is held. Only 450 to 500 visitors are allowed inside the monastery, although widescreen televisions are available to observe the event at a cafe some hundred meters away from the monastery.

On 22 September 2015, the Monastery was closed to visitors for three years due to necessary restoration and field work. It reopened on May 18, 2019.[14]

Construction and buildings

The principal elements of the Monastery complex are the Rock Church, several chapels, kitchens, student rooms, a guesthouse, a library, and a sacred spring revered by Eastern Orthodox Christians.

The large aqueduct at the entrance, which supplied water to the Monastery, is constructed against the side of the cliff. The aqueduct has many arches which have mostly been restored. The entrance to the Monastery leads up a long and narrow stairway. There is a guard-room next to the entrance. The stairs lead down from there to the inner courtyard. On the left, in front of a cave, there are several monastery buildings. The cave, which was converted into a church, constitutes the center of the monastery. The library is to the right.

The large building with a balcony on the front part of the cliff was used for the monks' cells and for housing guests. It dates from 1840.

Restoration works in 2019

The inner and outer walls of the Rock Church and the walls of the adjacent chapel are decorated with frescoes. Frescoes dating from the era of Alexios III of Trebizond line the inner wall of the Rock Church facing the courtyard. The frescoes of the chapel which were painted on three levels in three different periods are dated to the beginning of the 18th century. The frescoes of the bottom band are of superior quality.

The frescoes of the monastery are seriously damaged due to vandalism. The main subject of the frescoes are biblical scenes telling the story of Christ and the Virgin Mary.

During the 2015-2017 restoration works, a secret tunnel was discovered which lead to a place which is believed to have served as a temple or chapel for Christians. Also, unseen frescoes were discovered depicting heaven and hell as well as life and death.[15]

Etymology

According to another etymological theory regarding the origin of the monastery's name, it comes from the Laz word სუმელა [sumela], which means "Trinity" in English.[16]

  • Interior
  • Rock Church

See also

References
  1. "Sümela Monastery (The Monastery of Virgin Mary)". UNESCO. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  2. William Miller, Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 62
  3. Yardimci, Tugba (31 Jul 2019). "Turkey's Sumela Monastery aims to host 500,000 tourists". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  4. Secret tunnel discovered in Sümela Monastery
  5. Sümela Monastery (Archived from September 29, 2007). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
  6. The Heritage of Eastern Turkey: From Earliest Settlements to Islam. 2006. ISBN 9781876832056.
  7. Miller, Trebizond, p. 61
  8. Miller, Trebizond, pp. 62f
  9. Salvanou, Emilia. "Φροντιστήριο Τραπεζούντας [Phrontisterion of Trapezous]". Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  10. http://www.sumela.com/listingview.php?listingID=4
  11. Euronews. "Rare Orthodox mass held at Turkish monastery". Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  12. Dormition in Turkey. Liturgy on the Black Mountain, Sandro Magister, retrieved from L'espresso
  13. Qantara.de. "Greek Orthodox Liturgy in Turkey: Uncovering the Country's Non-Muslim Cultural Heritage". Retrieved 2011-08-02.
  14. "Trabzon's famous Sümela Monastery to open soon". Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  15. Secret tunnel discovered in Sümela Monastery
  16. http://karibche.ambebi.ge/eklesia/tadzrebi-da-monastrebi/2932-arsebobs-cnoba-rom-davith-aghmashenebels-mitsebi-sheutsiravs-monastristhvis.html (in Georgian)
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