Sulam

Sulam (Arabic: سولم‎; Hebrew: סוּלַם‎)[2] is an Arab village in north-eastern Israel. Known in ancient times as Shunama and Shunem, it is first mentioned in the Amarna Letters in the 14th century BCE. Archaeological excavations in the village attest to habitation extending from the Bronze Age through to modern times. Located near Afula, it falls under the jurisdiction of Bustan al-Marj Regional Council. In 2019 it had a population of 2,609.[1]

Sulam

סוּלַם‎
سولم
Sulam, seen from Nabi Dahi
Sulam
Sulam
Coordinates: 32°36′20″N 35°20′04″E
Grid position181/223 PAL
Country Israel
DistrictNorthern
CouncilBustan al-Marj
Population
 (2019)[1]
2,609
Sulam street with mosque (2012)

In the Hebrew Bible

Sulam has been identified with the biblical village of Shunem, which is said to be of the tribe of Issachar, the place where the Philistines camped before Saul's last battle,[3][4] and the native town of Abishag, King David's concubine in 1 Kings 1:3, and of the noble woman whose son was revived by the prophet Elisha in 2 Kings 4:8.

History and archaeology
The village of Sulam, from "Picturesque Palestine", 1880s.[5]
The village of Sulam, pre-1914

Overview

The village is situated on and around an archaeological tell (mound) and developed around the spring.[6] The core of the village has been repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt.[7]

Settlement periods

Various archaeological digs undertaken in Sulam have brought to light pottery and other remains from the Early and Middle Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and most of the following periods: Hellenistic (feebly represented), Roman, Byzantine, Early Muslim (findings from the 7th-10th centuries), Crusader, Mamluk, and Ottoman (17th-19th c. findings).[8][9][10][11][7][12] A hiatus in settlement between the 13th and 19th centuries was observed in one specific area of the tell north of the spring.[7] Collapsed masonry from the end of the Crusader and beginning of the Mamluk period in the 13th century was documented on the tell.[7]

In December 2006 a trial excavation was undertaken on the southern slope of the tell, near the spring in the centre of the village, exposing four layers dated to the Early Islamic, Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods.[12] It uncovered potsherds from the Roman (3rd century), Byzantine, and Early Muslim periods, as well as various finds from the Crusader (12th century), Mamluk (13th–15th centuries), and Ottoman (17th–19th centuries) periods.[12]

Another excavation undertaken on the main street of the village and north of the spring at the end of 2007, uncovered building remains from the Early Islamic period (8th-10th centuries) and the late Ottoman period (19th century), as well as a burnt layer from the end of the Crusader and beginning of the Mamluk periods (12th–13th centuries). It also revealed potsherds from the Iron Age, Hellenistic, Byzantine and Roman periods.[7]

Remains discovered in the village include hiding complexes, tombs, and a church.[3]

Late and Middle Bronze Age

In the Amarna letters, 14th century BCE clay tablets written in the cuneiform script of the Akkadian language, the village is listed under its ancient name of Shunama, as one of several cities conquered by the Canaanite warlord Lab'ayu in the Dothan Valley and southern Jezreel Valley.[13]

A 2004 salvage excavation exposed Early Bronze Age remains including part of stone building and potsherds, covered by Roman period strata.[8] Potsherds from the Middle Bronze Age were unearthed at a 2007 trial excavation.[11]

Iron Age

A 2007 excavation discovered potsherds from the Iron Age.[11]

Roman and Early Byzantine periods

Mentioned by the name Sulem in 4th century CE works, such as the Onomasticon of Eusebius, and by Jerome, both authors situate it 5 Roman miles from Tabor.[4]

A 2004 salvage excavation unearthed Roman period remains including potsherds, coins, animal bones, and marble fragments.[8] 3rd-century potsherds were uncovered in the 2006 trial dig.[12]

Late Byzantine–Early Muslim transition

In 2007 an excavation exposed pottery sherds dated to either the Byzantine or the beginning of the Early Muslim period.[11] At another dig, two coins were dated to shortly after the Byzantine period, one of which was an Arab-Byzantine coin (c. 640–660 CE) that imitates the coins of emperor Constans II.[9] The 2006 trial excavation exposed a wall that was probably built before the Early Islamic period.[12]

Abbasid period

A 2003 salvage excavation undertaken at the southern end of the village uncovered a tabun oven and fragments of pottery that were dated to the early Abbasid period.[10]

Crusader period

The village was known to the Crusaders (12th century) under the name Suna.[14]

A thick burnt layer indicating prolonged activity with fire was exposed next to collapsed stone masonry and was dated to the end of the Crusader and beginning of the Mamluk period. The stratum of burnt earth and ashes has been exposed during various excavations on the tell and can be associated with prolonged activity at a kiln or oven.[7] The 2006 trial excavation also came across a grey layer from the Crusader period.[12]

Mamluk period

A wall and living space from the Mamluk period were uncovered during salvage excavations in a private home in August 2006.[6] The December 2006 trial dig again uncovered building remains from the Mamluk period.[12]

Ottoman period

During the Ottoman period, Sulam was listed in the tax registers of 1596 as being in the nahiya of Jinin in the liwa of Lajjun, with a population of 26 Muslim families. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summecrops, goats and beehives in addition to"occasional revenues"; a total of 8,500 akçe.[15]

The 2006 trial excavation unearthed building remains from the Ottoman period: from the early phase (17th–18th centuries) mainly potsherds, but from the later phase (the beginning of the 19th century) a stone-paved open area yielding, apart from potsherds, a large number of animal bones, indicating an animal-related activity.[12]

Pierre Jacotin named the village Soulin on his map from 1799.[16] Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, who visited the village in 1838, describe it as "small and dirty" and its inhabitants as "civil and friendly."[4] They also recount being approached by the Wely of Duhy who offered to take them to the shrine on the mountain which he said was often visited by monks.[4]

In 1882 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) describes Sulam as, "a large village, standing on a slope near the foot of Jebel ed Duhy ["Mountain of Duhy"]". It further notes that part of the village was built of stone, and that to the west there were shady gardens of lemon-trees. A perennial spring in the west collected in a stone trough was said to have good supply of clear water in September, 1872. What was described as a suburb of mud hovels ran southwards out from the village.[14]

British Mandate
1940s Survey of Palestine map of Sulam

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British authorities, Suolam had a population of 370; 366 Muslims and 4 Christians,[17] decreasing in the 1931 census to 328, all Muslim, in a total of 85 houses.[18]

In the 1945 statistics the population was 470, all Muslims,[19] while the total land area was 3,605 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[20] Of this, 4 dunams were allocated for citrus and bananas, 291 for plantations and irrigable land, 2,041 for cereals,[21] while 17 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[22]

See also

References
  1. "Population in the Localities 2019" (XLS). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  2. Palmer, 1881, p.167
  3. Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 236
  4. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, pp.169-170
  5. Wilson, 1881, 1884, p.31
  6. Alexandre, 2008, Sulam
  7. Dalali-Amos, 2/12/2009, Sulam
  8. Covello-Paran, 2006, Sulam
  9. Covello-Paran, 2010, Sulam
  10. Hanna, 2008, Sulam
  11. Dalali-Amos, 14/2/2009, Sulam
  12. Dalali-Amos, 05/12/2009, Sulam
  13. Goren et al., 2004, p. 262.
  14. Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 87
  15. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 161.
  16. Karmon, 1960, p. 169
  17. Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
  18. Mills, 1932, p. 76
  19. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8
  20. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 63
  21. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 110
  22. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 160

Bibliography
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