String trio
A string trio is a group of three string instruments or a piece written for such a group. The term is generally used with reference to works of chamber music from the Classical period to the present. From at least the 19th century on, the term "string trio" with otherwise unspecified instrumentation normally refers to the combination violin, viola and cello (cf "string quartet", "piano trio" etc.). This is how the term is used by major catalogs, including IMSLP.
History
The earliest string-trio form, found in the early Classical period, consisted of two violins and a cello, a grouping which had grown out of the Baroque trio sonata, while over the course of the 19th century the string trio scored for violin, viola, and cello came to be the predominant type (Tilmouth and Smallman 2001).
Beginning in the second half of the 18th century, although the trio configuration for two violins and cello was not wholly abandoned in classical chamber music (even during the 19th century), the scoring for violin, viola, and cello began to take precedence. Joseph Haydn appears to have been the first composer to use this combination (Tilmouth and Smallman 2001), though he was soon emulated by Luigi Boccherini (Kennedy 1994).
Pieces for the combination of two violins and viola are often referred to as 'terzetti' after Antonín Dvořák's particularly celebrated composition for the line-up.
List of string trios
Violin, viola, cello
Composer | Composition |
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Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (1736–1809) |
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Georges Aperghis (b. 1945) | Faux mouvement (1995) |
J.S. Bach (1685–1750) | Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 (1741) (Arr. by Dmitry Sitkovetsky, in memoriam Glenn Gould) |
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) | |
Wilhelm Berger (1861–1911) | String Trio in G minor, Op. 69 |
Lennox Berkeley (1903–1989) | Trio for strings, Op. 19 (1944) |
Howard Blake (b. 1938) | String Trio, Op. 199 |
Luigi Boccherini (1743–1805) | String Trios, G 95–100 and G 107–112 |
Carlos Chávez (1899–1978) | Invención II (1965) |
Friedrich Cerha (1926–) | 9 Bagatellen (2008)
Zebra Trio (2010) |
Justin Connolly (1933-2020) | String Trio, Op. 43 (2009-10) |
Jean Cras (1879–1932) | Trio pour violon, alto et violoncelle (1926) |
Matthew Davidson (b. 1964) | Music for String Trio (2006) (Davidson n.d.) |
Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739–1799) |
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Ernő Dohnányi (1877–1960) | Serenade in C major, Op. 10 |
Gottfried von Einem (1918–1996) |
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Anders Eliasson (1947–2013) | Trio per archi "Ahnungen" (2013) |
George Enescu (1881–1955) | Aubade, for violin, viola, and cello (Allegretto grazioso) |
Karlheinz Essl (b. 1960) | à trois/seul (1998) |
Joseph Leopold Eybler (1765–1846) |
|
Magdeleine Boucherit le Faure (1879–1960) | Impressions. Suite for Violin, Viola and Cello. Paris: Éditions Salabert, 1933. |
Brian Ferneyhough (b. 1943) | String Trio (1995) |
Jean Françaix (1912–1997) | String Trio in C major, Op. 2 |
Robert Fuchs (1847–1927) | String Trio in A major, Op. 94 |
Joseph Gehot (1756–1820) | String Trios, Op. 2, Nos. 1–6 |
Yefim Golyshev (1897–1970) | String Trio, Zwölftondauer-Komplexe (twelve-tone-duration complex) (1925) |
Jorge Grundman (b. 1961) |
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Sofia Gubaidulina (b. 1931) | String Trio |
John Harbison (b. 1938) | String Trio (2013) |
Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) | String Trio in B major, Hob. V:8 |
Swan Hennessy (1866–1929) | Petit trio celtique, Op. 52 (1921) |
Heinrich von Herzogenberg (1843–1900) | String Trios, Op. 27, Nos. 1 & 2 |
Paul Hindemith (1895–1963) |
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Gilad Hochman (b. 1982) | Brief Memories for String Trio (2004) (Hochman n.d.). |
Franz Anton Hoffmeister (1754–1812) | Terzetto Scholastico Streichtrio |
Vagn Holmboe (1909–1996) | Gioco (Game) for string trio (1983) |
Johann Nepomuk Hummel (1778–1837) |
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André Jolivet (1905–1974) | Suite for String trio |
Gideon Klein (1919–1945) | String Trio (1944) |
Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967) | Intermezzo-Allegretto |
Hans Krása (1899–1944) |
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Ernst Krenek (1900–1991) |
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Frank Martin (1890–1974) | Trio (1936) |
Donald Martino (1931–2005) | String Trio (1954) |
Bohuslav Martinů (1890–1959) |
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Grace-Evangeline Mason (b. 1994) | Into the Abyss, I Throw Roses (2018) |
Siegfried Matthus (b. 1934) | Windspiele, for string trio |
Erkki Melartin (1875–1937) | String Trio Op.133 (1926?) |
Darius Milhaud (1892–1974) |
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) | |
Ernst Naumann (1832–1910) | Trio in D major, Op. 12 |
Ștefan Niculescu (1927–2008) |
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Krzysztof Penderecki (b. 1933) | String Trio (1990–91) |
Václav Pichl (1741–1805) |
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Wayne Peterson (b. 1927) | String Trio (2007) |
Ignaz Pleyel (1757–1831) | 3 String Trios, B 401–403 |
Gerhard Präsent (b. 1957) | Sounds Of Wood (1998) |
Max Reger (1873–1916) |
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Carl Reinecke (1824–1910) | String Trio in C minor, Op. 249 |
Wolfgang Rihm (b. 1952) | Musik für drei Streicher (1977) |
Alessandro Rolla (1757–1841) |
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Guy Ropartz (1864–1955) | Trio in A minor for Strings (1934–35) |
Albert Roussel (1896–1937) | String Trio, Op. 58 |
Kaija Saariaho (1952–) | Cloud Trio (2009) |
Ernest Sauter (1928–2013) |
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Giacinto Scelsi (1905–1988) | Trio for strings (1958) |
Alfred Schnittke (1934–1998) | String Trio (1985) |
Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) | String Trio, Op. 45 (1946) |
Franz Schubert (1797–1828) |
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Jean Sibelius (1865–1957) |
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Otto Siegl (1896–1978) |
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Robert Simpson (1921–1997) | String Trio (1987) |
Nikos Skalkottas (1904–1949) | String Trio No. 2 (1935) |
Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007) | Hoffnung (2007) (Günther 2008) |
Sergei Taneyev (1856–1915) | String Trio in D major (1880) |
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893) | Allegretto moderato (1863–64) |
Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959) | String Trio (1945) |
Graham Waterhouse (b. 1962) |
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Julian Wagstaff (b. 1970) | In Extremis (2011)() |
Rolf Wallin (1957–) | Sway (2010) |
Anton Webern (1883–1945) |
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Egon Wellesz (1885–1974) |
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John Woolrich (b. 1954) | String Trio (1996) |
Charles Wuorinen (b. 1938) | String Trio (1968) |
Iannis Xenakis (1922–2001) | Ikhoor {Ιχώρ} (1978) |
La Monte Young (b. 1935) | Trio (1958) |
Eugène Ysaÿe (1858–1931) | Trio "Le Chimay"(1915) |
Bernd Alois Zimmermann (1918–1970) | Trio (1944) |
Two violins, cello
Composer | Composition |
---|---|
Alexander Alyabyev (1787–1851) | Variations on a Russian folk song |
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) | String Trio in E minor, Hess 29 |
Luigi Boccherini (1743–1805) |
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Alexander Borodin (1833–1887) | String Trio in G minor on a Russian folk song |
Siegfried Borris (1906–1987) | Terzettino |
Werner Egk (1901–1983) | Trio in G minor |
Joseph Gehot (1756–1820) | String Trios, Op. 5, Nos. 1–6 |
Peter Hänsel (1770–1831) |
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Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) |
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Franz Anton Hoffmeister (1754–1812) |
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Wilhelm Killmayer (b. 1927) | Trio for two violins and cello |
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) |
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Ignaz Pleyel (1757–1831) |
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Johann Mederitsch (1752–1835) | Fantasia Terza |
Gerhard Präsent (b. 1957) |
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Joseph Schuster (1748–1812) | String Trio in A minor |
Johann Baptist Wanhal (1739–1813) |
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Two violins, viola
Composer | Composition |
---|---|
Frank Bridge (1879–1941) | Rhapsody Trio (1928) |
Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904) |
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Robert Fuchs (1847–1927) |
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Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967) |
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David Ludwig (b. 1974) | Rule of Three for two violins and viola (2016) |
Sergei Taneyev (1856–1915) | String Trio in D major, Op. 21 (1907) |
Alternative scoring
Composer | Composition |
---|---|
F.L. Gaßmann (1729–1774) |
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Sergei Taneyev (1856–1915) | String Trio in E♭ major, Op. 31, for violin, viola and violotta |
John Zorn (b. 1953) | Walpurgisnacht (2004) for violin, viola and double bass |
See also
Notes
- Arrangements of 6 Preludes and Fugues by J. S. and W. F. Bach, K. 404a (1782) is sometimes attributed to Mozart, which is doubtful.
Sources
- Berger, Melvin. 2001. Guide to Chamber Music, third, corrected edition. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41879-7; ISBN 978-0-486-31672-7 (ebook).
- Davidson. n.d. "Music for String Trio by Matthew Davidson." composers.com Retrieved April 5, 2014.
- Günther, Andreas. 2008. "Karlheinz Stockhausen, HOFFNUNG (2007)". Programme book of the world première of Hoffnung, 31 August 2008, Cologne, by members of musikFabrik.
- Hochman, Gilad. n.d. "Brief Memories for String Trio (2004)" GiladHochman.com Retrieved April 5, 2014.
- Kennedy, Michael (ed.). 1994. "String Trio". The Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition revised, associate editor Joyce Bourne. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-869162-9.
- Tilmouth, Michael, and Basil Smallman. 2001. "String Trio". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Further reading
- Downs, Philip G. 1992. Classical Music: The Era of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. The Norton Introduction to Music History. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-95191-X.
- Holloway, Robert James. 1962. "String Trio Literature of the Twentieth Century". MM Thesis. Washington, DC: American University.
- Unverricht, Hubert. 1969. Geschichte des Streichtrios. Mainzer Studien zur Musikwissenschaft 2. Tutzing: Hans Schneider.