Spiraea

Spiraea /spaɪˈriːə/,[1] sometimes spelled spirea in common names, and commonly known as meadowsweets or steeplebushes, is a genus of about 80 to 100 species[2] of shrubs in the family Rosaceae. They are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest diversity in eastern Asia.

For British warships of the same name, see HMS Spiraea. For the asteroid, see 1091 Spiraea.

Spiraea
Spiraea salicifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Amygdaloideae
Tribe: Spiraeeae
Genus: Spiraea
L.
Species

About 80-100, see text

The genus formerly included the herbaceous species now segregated into the genera Filipendula and Aruncus; recent genetic evidence has shown that Filipendula is only distantly related to Spiraea, belonging in the subfamily Rosoideae.

Description
Flower diagram of Spiraea hypericifolia
Spiraea betulifolia
Spiraea japonica 'Goldflame' 06
Spiraea betulifolia in autumn

Spiraea plants are hardy, deciduous-leaved shrubs. The leaves are simple and usually short stalked, and are arranged in a spiralling, alternate fashion. In most species, the leaves are lanceolate (narrowly oval) and about 2.5 to 10 centimetres (0.98 to 3.94 in) long. The leaf margins are usually toothed, occasionally cut or lobed, and rarely smooth. Stipules are absent.

The many small flowers of Spiraea shrubs are clustered together in inflorescences, usually in dense panicles, umbrella-like corymbs, or grape-like clusters. The radial symmetry of each flower is five fold, with the flowers usually bisexual, rarely unisexual. The flowers have five sepals and five white, pink, or reddish petals that are usually longer than the sepals. Each flower has many (15 to 60) stamens. The fruit is an aggregate of follicles.[2]

Ecology

Spiraea species are used as food plants by the larvae of many Lepidoptera species, including the brown-tail, the small emperor moth, the grey dagger, the setaceous Hebrew character, and the moth Hypercompe indecisa.

The leaves of S. betulifolia are eaten by blue grouse in spring, and the plant is browsed by deer in summer.[3]

Uses

Food

Native Americans ate the species S. betulifolia.[4]

Horticulture
Spiraea japonica

Many species of Spiraea are used as ornamental plants in temperate climates, particularly for their showy clusters of dense flowers. Some species bloom in the spring, others in midsummer.

The following species, hybrids and cultivars are among those found in cultivation:

  • S. 'Arguta'
  • S. betulifolia
  • S. canescens
  • S. cantoniensis      
  • S. × cinerea
  • S. douglasii
  • S. japonica
  • S. nipponica
  • S. prunifolia
  • S. × pseudosalicifolia      
  • S. salicifolia
  • S. 'Snow White'
  • S. thunbergii
  • S. trichocarpa
  • S. × vanhouttei
  • S. veitchii[5]

Traditional medicine

Spiraea contain salicylates. Acetylsalicylic acid was first isolated from Filipendula ulmaria, a species at the time classified in the genus Spiraea. The word "aspirin" was coined by adding a- (for acetylation) to spirin, from the German Spirsäure, a reference to Spiraea.[6][7][8]

Native American groups have various medicinal uses for local Spiraea species. S. betulifolia is used for abdominal pain and made into a tea.[9] The Blackfoot use S. splendens root in an enema and to treat venereal conditions.[10]

Other

Native Americans found S. douglasii useful for making brooms and hanging seafood to cook.[11]

Species
Spiraea thunbergii
  • Spiraea affinis
  • Spiraea alaskaense
  • Spiraea alba – narrow-leaved meadowsweet, pale bridewort
  • Spiraea albiflora
  • Spiraea amoena
  • Spiraea arcuata
  • Spiraea baldschuanica
  • Spiraea bella
  • Spiraea betulifolia – white meadowsweet
  • Spiraea blumei
  • Spiraea calcicola
  • Spiraea cana
  • Spiraea canescens – Himalayan spiraea
  • Spiraea cantoniensis – Reeve's spiraea
  • Spiraea chamaedryfolia – elm-leaf spiraea, germander meadowsweet
  • Spiraea crenata
  • Spiraea decumbens
  • Spiraea douglasii – Douglas' spiraea, steeplebush
  • Spiraea gemmata
  • Spiraea henryi
  • Spiraea hypericifolia – Iberian meadowsweet
  • Spiraea japonica – Japanese spiraea
  • Spiraea latifolia - broadleaf meadowsweet
  • Spiraea longigemmis
  • Spiraea media – Russian spiraea
  • Spiraea micrantha
  • Spiraea miyabei
  • Spiraea mollifolia
  • Spiraea nervosa
  • Spiraea nipponica
  • Spiraea prunifolia – bridal-wreath spiraea
  • Spiraea pubescens
  • Spiraea rosthornii
  • Spiraea salicifolia – bridewort, willowleaf meadowsweet
  • Spiraea sargentiana
  • Spiraea septentrionalis – northern meadowsweet
  • Spiraea splendens – rose meadowsweet
  • Spiraea stevenii – beauverd spirea
  • Spiraea thunbergii – Thunberg's meadowsweet
  • Spiraea tomentosa – hardhack, steeplebush
  • Spiraea trichocarpa – Korean meadow spiraea[12]
  • Spiraea trilobata – Asian meadowsweet
  • Spiraea veitchii
  • Spiraea virginiana – Virginia spiraea
  • Spiraea wilsonii
  • Spiraea yunnanensis

Formerly placed here

Hybrids

There are also numerous named hybrids, some occurring naturally in the wild, others bred in gardens, including several important ornamental plants:

  • Spiraea × arguta (S. × multiflora × S. thunbergii) – garland spiraea
  • Spiraea × billiardii (S. douglasii × S. salicifolia) – Billiard's spiraea
  • Spiraea × blanda (S. nervosa × S. cantoniensis)
  • Spiraea × brachybotrys (S. canescens × S. douglasii)
  • Spiraea × bumalda (S. japonica × S. albiflora)
  • Spiraea × cinerea (S. hypericifolia × S. cana)
  • Spiraea × conspicua (S. japonica × S. latifolia)
  • Spiraea × fontenaysii (S. canescens × S. salicifolia)
  • Spiraea × foxii (S. japonica × S. betulifolia)
  • Spiraea × gieseleriana (S. cana × S. chamaedryfolia)
  • Spiraea × macrothyrsa (S. douglasii × S. latifolia)
  • Spiraea × multiflora (S. crenata × S. hypericifolia)
  • Spiraea × notha (S. betulifolia × S. latifolia)
  • Spiraea × nudiflora (S. chamaedryfolia × S. bella)
  • Spiraea × pikoviensis (S. crenata × S. media)
  • Spiraea × pyramidata (S. betulifolia × S. douglasii) – pyramid spiraea
  • Spiraea × revirescens (S. amoena × S. japonica)
  • Spiraea × sanssouciana (S. japonica × S. douglasii)
  • Spiraea × schinabeckii (S. chamaedryfolia × S. trilobata)
  • Spiraea × semperflorens (S. japonica × S. salicifolia)
  • Spiraea × vanhouttei (S. trilobata × S. cantoniensis) – Van Houtte's spiraea
  • Spiraea × watsoniana (S. douglasii × S. densiflora)

References
  1. Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. 606–07.
  2. Spiraea. Flora of China.
  3. Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 437. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  4. Reiner, Ralph E. (1969). Introducing the Flowering Beauty of Glacier National Park and the Majestic High Rockies. Glacier Park, Inc. p. 20.
  5. RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  6. Scott, D. L. and G. H. Kingsley. Symptomatic Drug Treatment. Chapter 3 In: Inflammatory Arthritis in Clinical Practice (pp. 48-64). Springer London. 2007.
  7. Harper, D. aspirin. Online Etymology Dictionary. 2013.
  8. Weiss, H. J. (1974). Aspirin – A dangerous drug? JAMA 229(9), 1221-22.
  9. Spiraea betulifolia. Native American Ethnobotany. University of Michigan, Dearborn.
  10. Spiraea splendens. Native American Ethnobotany. University of Michigan, Dearborn.
  11. Spiraea douglasii. Native American Ethnobotany. University of Michigan, Dearborn.
  12. English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 644. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
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