Spica-class torpedo boat

The Spica class were a class of torpedo boats of the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) during World War II. These ships were built as a result of a clause in the Washington Naval Treaty, which stated that ships with a tonnage of less than 600 could be built in unlimited numbers. Thirty-two ships were built between 1934 and 1937, thirty of which entered service with Italy and two which were sold to the Swedish Navy in 1940. The two units in Swedish service were classed as destroyers until 1953, then re-classified as corvettes. Although commonly referred to as torpedo boats due to their smaller displacement, the Spica class armaments were similar in design to destroyers (their design was influenced by the Maestrale-class destroyer then in development), and were intended for anti-submarine duties, although they often had to fight aircraft and surface forces as well. Twenty-three vessels were lost during World War II.

For the 1960s era Swedish torpedo boat class, see Spica class torpedo boat (Sweden).
Torpedo boat Cassiopea
Class overview
Operators:
Preceded by: Curtatone class
Succeeded by: Ariete class
Built: 1934–1937
In service: 1935–1964
Completed: 32
Lost: 23
General characteristics
Type: Torpedo boat
Displacement:
  • 795 long tons (808 t) standard
  • 1,020 long tons (1,040 t) full load
Length: 83.5 m (273 ft 11 in)
Beam: 8.1 m (26 ft 7 in)
Draught: 2.55 m (8 ft 4 in)
Installed power: 19,000 hp (14,200 kW)
Propulsion: 2 boilers, 2 steam turbines, 2 shafts
Speed: 34 knots (39 mph; 63 km/h)
Complement: 116
Sensors and
processing systems:		 Sonar and hydrophones
Armament:

Design

The design work started in 1932 and two prototypes, Spica and Astore, were built. The hull was 80 metres (260 ft) long and displacement was around 720 short tons (650 t) standard rather than the 600 short tons (540 t) permitted by the Washington treaty. Propulsion consisted of a two shaft geared turbine layout with two Yarrow–type boilers. The armament consisted of three 100 mm (4 in)/47 caliber dual-purpose guns in single mountings in 'A', 'X' and 'Y' positions and three or four twin 13.2 mm (0.52 in) anti-aircraft machine guns—later replaced by 9 to 11 Breda 20/65 modello 35 20 mm cannons in various configurations. They also carried four 450 mm (18 in) torpedo tubes, two for each side, which had a shorter range and a smaller warhead than the 533 mm (21 in) ones in use on destroyers.

  • Aretusa (F 556) in service with the Marina Militare in the 1950s
  • Torpedo boat Cigno

Ships
Ship Hull
ltr.s[1]		 Builder Completed Operational history
Airone AO Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 10 May 1938 Sunk 12 October 1940 in the battle of Cape Passero by British cruiser HMS Ajax. She scored three hits from her main guns on the British cruiser before being disabled; 59 seamen went down with the ship. Ajax herself was hit by seven shells that destroyed one of her whalers, caused severe damage to the bridge and radar installation and 35 casualties, including 13 killed.[2]
Alcione AC Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 10 May 1938 Sunk 11 December 1941 by submarine HMS Truant.
Aldebaran AL Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 6 December 1936 Sunk 20 October 1941 in the Saronic Gulf, by mines laid by submarine HMS Rorqual.
Altair AT Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 23 December 1936 Sunk 20 October 1941 in the Saronic Gulf, by mines laid by submarine HMS Rorqual.
Andromeda AD Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 6 December 1936 Sunk 17 March 1941 at Valona, Albania, torpedoed by British bombers.
Antares AN Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 23 December 1936 Sank Greek submarine Proteus by ramming on 29 December 1940. Sunk 28 March 1943 at Livorno by USAAF bombers.
Aretusa AU Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 1 July 1938 On 2 December 1942, while escorting a three ship convoy, Aretusa shot down one of three Fairey Albacore that torpedoed the merchants south of Kerkennah Islands. One of the ships in the convoy was sunk by the aircraft, and one of the escorts, Lupo, was sunk by British destroyers while recovering survivors at night. The remaining ships reached destination next morning. Heavily damaged by airstrike on 13 April 1943, repaired a few months later.[3] Survived the war and served in the post war Marina Militare. Decommissioned 1 August 1958.
Ariel AE Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 1 July 1938 Sunk 12 October 1940 in the battle of Cape Passero by British cruiser HMS Ajax, with the loss of 98 seamen between officers and ratings.
Astore AS BSN, NaplesA 30 May 1935 Sold to Sweden as Remus in 1940. Decommissioned 1958.
Calipso CI Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 16 November 1938 Sunk 5 December 1940, by mines east of Tripoli.
Calliope CP Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 28 October 1938 Up to September 1943, she provided 117 escort missions to merchant ship convoys and took part in 21 various combat missions covering a total of more than 77,500 miles. Shot down six British aircraft in different actions while escorting convoys to Libya.[4] Survived the war and served in the post war Marina Militare. Decommissioned 1 August 1958.
Canopo CA CT, Riva TrigosoB 31 March 1937 Sunk 3 May 1941 by British bombers at Tripoli.
Cassiopea CS CT, Riva TrigosoB 26 April 1937 Sank British destroyer HMS Pakenham in battle southeast of Marettimo island, on 16 April 1943, while escorting a transport ship to Tunis. Heavily damaged, she managed to limp away, taken in tow by Climene.[5] Survived the war and served in the post war Marina Militare. Decommissioned 1959.
Castore CT CNR, AnconaC 16 January 1937 She led a convoy from Tripoli to Taranto that outmanoeuvred British destroyers HMS Jaguar, Lance, Lively and Zulu. The convoy, composed of the transports Monginevro and Monviso, had been previously spotted and attacked by Swordfish of the 830 Squadron.[6] Fought off several British motor boats and small vessels attempting to land at Tobruk as part of Operation Agreement. She later rounded up a number of British survivors and small amphibious craft from the sea. Sunk 2 June 1943 by Allied destroyers HMS Jervis and Vasilissa Olga while escorting a convoy of two small freighters from Taranto to Messina, which reached destination safely.[7]
Centauro CO CNR, AnconaC 16 June 1936 Sunk 4 November 1942, bombed in Benghazi harbour.
Cigno CG CNR, AnconaC 15 March 1937 She was part of the screen of destroyers and torpedo boats escorting a four-freighter convoy to Tripoli on 26 May 1941,[8] when two Blenheim bombers were shot down.[9] Cigno rescued hundreds of Italian survivors after the Battle of Cape Bon, where she dodged four torpedoes launched by the Dutch destroyer HNLMS Isaac Sweers. Sunk in battle 16 April 1943 southeast of Marettimo island, by British destroyers HMS Paladin and HMS Pakenham, while escorting a transport ship to Tunis. Pakenham was also sunk in the same engagement.[5]
Circe CC Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 4 October 1938 Attempted to ambush a British convoy along with Vega south of Pantelleria in January 1941. Vega was sunk and the British cruiser HMS Bonaventure was damaged in the exchange of fire.[10] Sank submarines HMS Grampus, HMS Union, HMS P38 and HMS Tempest. Sunk by collision 27 November 1942.
Climene CE CNR, AnconaC 24 April 1936 She took part in the shooting down of three Beaufort bombers and a Beaufighter while escorting a convoy between 20–21 August 1942.[11] Sunk 28 April 1943 by submarine HMS Unshaken.
Clio CL Ansaldo, Sestri Ponente 2 October 1938 Sank submarine HMS Triton in December 1940. Clio shot down a Swordfish torpedo bomber from HMS Illustrious[12] while escorting a four ship convoy off Sfax on 21 December 1940.[nb 1][13] She also participated in the battle of Skerki Bank, on 2 December 1942. Survived the war and served in the post war Marina Militare. Decommissioned 1959.
Libra LB CNQ, FiumeD 19 January 1939 Assisted her sister ship Lupo in the attack on the convoy AN 14 on the night of 31 January 1941.[14][15] Survived the war and served in the post war Marina Militare. Decommissioned 1964.
Lince LC CNQ, FiumeD 1 April 1938 Along with Lupo, she landed troops during the reconquest of Kastelorizo, in February 1941. Grounded and later destroyed on 28 August 1943 by submarine HMS Ultor.
Lira LR CNQ, FiumeD 1 January 1938 Scuttled 9 September 1943, recovered by the Germans, and served as TA49, sunk by bombing 4 November 1944.
Lupo LP/LU* CNQ, FiumeD 28 February 1938 Along with Libra, torpedoed the British tanker Desmoulea (8120 tn) in the Kasos straits on 31 January 1941 at the position 35°33′32″N 25°34′14″E disabling her for the rest of the war.[14][15][16] The tanker was part of the convoy AN.14, and had departed Alexandria for Piraeus.[17] Captained by Francesco Mimbelli during the reconquest of Kastelorizo and the Battle of Crete, where she survived a battle against three cruisers and five destroyers, saving half of a small ships convoy. Sunk 2 December 1942 by destroyers HMS Jervis, Javelin, Janus and Kelvin while picking up survivors from the Italian cargo ship Veloce, sunk by torpedo bombers en route to Tripoli. Two other steamers, part of the same convoy, eventually reached home.
Pallade PD BSN, NaplesA 5 October 1938 Sunk 5 August 1942 by air attack in Naples.
Partenope PN BSN, NaplesA 26 November 1938 Shot down two Blenheim bombers while escorting a two-steamer convoy from Tripoli to Bengasi on 11 July 1941. Damaged after hitting a mine off Preveza on 26 July 1943. Scuttled while on drydock at Naples on 11 September 1943 when German forces occupied the city.[18]
Perseo PS CNQ, FiumeD 1 February 1936 Sunk 4 May 1943 off Cape Bon by HMS Nubian, HMS Petard and HMS Paladin, while escorting the freighter Campobasso, also sunk in this action. Another one-ship convoy, escorted by the Ciclone-class torpedo boat Tifone, witnesses the destruction of Perseo and Campobasso, but was able to outran the British destroyers and reached Tunis unscathed.
Pleiadi PL BSN, NaplesA 4 July 1938 Sunk 14 October 1941 by airstrike at Tripoli harbour.
Polluce PC BSN, NaplesA 8 August 1938 Sank submarine HMS Grampus in June 1940, in company with Circe, Clio and Calliope. Sunk by torpedo bombers, 4 September 1942.
Sagittario SG CNQ, FiumeD 8 October 1936 Successfully protected a German convoy of caïques during the Battle of Crete against a British squadron of three cruisers and four destroyers, inflicting minor damage to the destroyer HMS Kingston, according to Italian claims.[19][20] Sank British MTB 639 off Tunis, on 28 April 1943 whilst escorting a steamer off Kelibia. Survived the war and served in the post war Marina Militare. Decommissioned 1964.
Sirio SI CNQ, FiumeD 1 March 1936 She was the first Italian unit to spot the enemy in the battle of Cape Spartivento,[21] and on 16 February 1943, Sirio led the escort of a four-ship convoy that detected by sonar[22] and fought off three British MTBs (MTB 77, MTB 82 and MTB 62) south of Marettimo.[23] Survived the war and served in the post war Marina Militare. Decommissioned 1959.
Spica SP BSN, NaplesA 30 May 1935 Sold to Sweden as Romulus in 1940. Decommissioned 1958.
Vega VG CNQ, FiumeD 12 October 1936 Shot down a Swordfish torpedo bomber from HMS Illustrious off Sfax on 21 December 1940[nb 2], after two steamers she was escorting were torpedoed and lost.[24] Sunk by destroyer HMS Hereward 10 January 1941 in the strait of Sicily while attempting to ambush a British convoy to Malta.
Notes to table
  1. Also claimed to Vega, that was escorting a small convoy further south attacked by nine aircraft
  2. Also claimed to Clio, that successfully protected a convoy against a single-aircraft attack further north

See also

References

Notes
  1. Fraccaroli, Aldo (1968). Italian warships of World War 2. London: Ian Allan.
  2. "H.M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action in WWII".
  3. "Trentoincina - Torpediniera Aretusa". www.trentoincina.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-02-07.
  4. "R. Torpediniera Calliope". digilander.libero.it/carandin. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
  5. Sadkovich (1994), p. 326.
  6. "Battle of the Atlantic, January 1942". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
  7. "RHS Vasilissa Olga (D 15)". uboat.net.
  8. Kindell, Don. "Naval Events, May 1941, part 2 of 2". naval-history.net. British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day. Archived from the original on 2011-08-23.
  9. Shores, Cull & Malizia (1987), p. 223.
  10. Woodman, Richard (2000). Malta Convoys, 1940-1943. London: Jack Murray Ltd. p. 113. ISBN 0-7195-5753-4.
  11. Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola (1991). Malta: The Spitfire Year 1942. London: Grub Street. pp. 522–524. ISBN 0-948817-16-X.
  12. Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola; Shores, Christopher (1999). Malta: The Hurricane Years. Grub Street. p. 99. ISBN 0948817062.
  13. Giorgerini, Giorgio (2002). La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina tra vittoria e sconfitta 1940-1943 (in Italian). Mondadori. p. 456. ISBN 9788804501503.
  14. Biagini, Antonello; Frattolillo, Fernando (1989). Diario storico del Comando Supremo: 1.1.1941–30.4.1941 (in Italian). Rome: Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare. p. 233.
  15. "La Marina Italiana costretta a passare all'offensiva—Gennaio–Marzo 1941". regiamarinaitaliana.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2011-07-22.
  16. Mattesini, Francesco (1998). L'operazione Gaudo e lo scontro notturno di Matapan (in Italian). Rome: Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare. p. 25.
  17. Kindell, Don. "Naval Events, January 1941, part 2 of 2". naval-history.net. British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day.
  18. Andreas (2012-12-14). "A costly Strike– No 107 Squadron 11 October 1941". The Crusader Project. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
  19. Green and Massignani (1998), p. 170.
  20. Roberti, Vero (1977). Uno contro sei: Il contributo della Marina italiana alla conquista di Creta (in Italian). Mursia. p. 123.
  21. Green and Massignani (1998), p. 117.
  22. Giorgerini, Giorgio (2001). La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina tra vittoria e sconfitta 1940-1943 (in Italian). Mondadori. p. 550. ISBN 8804405813.
  23. Sadkovich (1994), p. 323.
  24. Sadkovich (1994), p. 108.

Bibliography
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  • Birchfield, B.; Borgenstam, Carl; Caruana, Joseph & Frampton, Viktor (1988). "Question 3/87". Warship International. XXV (2): 205–210. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Brown, David (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940–December 1941. Whitehall Histories. II. London: Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-5205-9.
  • Director of Naval Construction (1952). H.M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action, 1939-1945. Britain: Admiralty.
  • Green, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (1998). The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943. London: Chatam Publishing. ISBN 1-885119-61-5.
  • Pack, S.W.C. (1973). The Battle for Crete. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-810-7.
  • Roskill, S. W. (1957) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). War at Sea. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. I (4th ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 881709135. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  • Sadkovich, James (1994). The Italian Navy in World War II. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28797-X.
  • Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola (1987). Air War For Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete 1940–41. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-07-0.
  • Whitley, M.J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Cassell Publishing. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.
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