Space Transportation System

The Space Transportation System (STS), also known internally to NASA as the Integrated Program Plan (IPP),[1] was a proposed system of reusable manned space vehicles envisioned in 1969 to support extended operations beyond the Apollo program. (NASA appropriated the name for its Space Shuttle Program, the only component of the proposal to survive Congressional funding approval). The purpose of the system was two-fold: to reduce the cost of spaceflight by replacing the current method of launching capsules on expendable rockets with reusable spacecraft; and to support ambitious follow-on programs including permanent orbiting space stations around the Earth and Moon, and a human landing mission to Mars.

Space Tug with manipulator-equipped crew module moves a cargo module from a Space Shuttle Orbiter to a Nuclear Shuttle

Nuclear Shuttle and Space Shuttle Orbiter docked to an Orbital Propellant Depot

In February 1969, President Richard Nixon appointed a Space Task Group headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew to recommend human space projects beyond Apollo. The group responded in September with the outline of the STS, and three different program levels of effort culminating with a human Mars landing by 1983 at the earliest, and by the end of the twentieth century at the latest. The system's major components consisted of:

• A permanent space station module designed for 6 to 12 occupants, in a 270-nautical-mile (500 km) low Earth orbit, and as a permanent lunar orbit station. Modules could be combined in Earth orbit to create a 50 to 100 person permanent station.
• A chemically fueled Earth-to-station shuttle.
• A chemically fueled space tug to move crew and equipment between Earth orbits as high as geosynchronous orbit, which could be adapted as a lunar orbit-to-surface shuttle.
• A nuclear-powered ferry using the NERVA engine, to move crew, spacecraft and supplies between low Earth orbit and lunar orbit, geosynchronous orbit, or to other planets in the solar system.

The tug and ferry vehicles would be of a modular design, allowing them to be clustered and/or staged for large payloads or interplanetary missions. The system would be supported by permanent Earth and lunar orbital propellant depots.[2] The Saturn V might still have been used as a heavy lift launch vehicle for the nuclear ferry and space station modules. A special "Mars Excursion Module" would be the only remaining vehicle necessary for a human Mars landing.

As Apollo accomplished its objective of landing the first men on the Moon, political support for further manned space activities began to wane, which was reflected in unwillingness of the Congress to provide funding for most of these extended activities. Based on this, Nixon rejected all parts of the program except the Space Shuttle, which inherited the STS name. As funded, the Shuttle was greatly scaled back from its planned degree of reusability, and deferred in time. The Shuttle first flew in 1981, and was retired in 2011.

A second part of the system, Space Station Freedom, was approved in the early 1980s and announced in 1984 by president Ronald Reagan. However, this also became politically unviable by 1993, and was replaced with the International Space Station (ISS), with substantial contribution by Russia. The ISS was completed in 2011.

System vehicles

Earth-to-orbit shuttle

Early North American Rockwell shuttle concept, 1969

Space tug

1971 Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) concept drawing of the space tug

Nuclear ferry

1971 MSFC drawing illustrates use of the nuclear shuttle (ferry) for lunar orbit, or Mars orbit missions

Planned uses for NERVA included a visit to Mars by 1978 and a permanent lunar base by 1981.[3] NERVA rockets would be used for nuclear "tugs" designed to take payloads from Low Earth Orbit to larger orbits, resupply of several space stations in various orbits around the Earth and Moon, and support for a permanent lunar base. The NERVA rocket would also be used in the Saturn S-N, an upper stage for the Saturn V rocket' upgrading the Saturn's low Earth orbit (LEO) capability to 340,000 pounds (150 t).[3]

References

1. Portree, David S.F. (April 18, 2012). "Integrated Program Plan "Maximum Rate" Traffic Model (1970)". Wired.
2. Space Task Group Report, "Program Objectives", 4.b.
3. "Nuclear Rockets: To Mars and Beyond". National Security Science Magazine. Los Alamos National Laboratory. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Further reading

• "Report of the Space Task Group, 1969". NASA. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
• Compton, W.D. and Charles D. Benson, NASA SP-4208 Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab (1983) Chapters 5 and 6 mention 1969 Space Task Group's plan leading to manned Mars landing by 2000
• Hepplewhite, T.A. The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1999.
• Wade, Mark. "Space Tug". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
• NASA Report, Technical Study for the Use of the Saturn 5, INT-21 and Other Saturn 5 Derivatives to Determine an Optimum Fourth Stage (space tug). Volume 1: Technical Volume, Book 1, Web Address when accessed: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810065609_1981065609.pdf
• Dewar, James. "To The End Of The Solar System: The Story Of The Nuclear Rocket", Apogee, December 2003. ISBN 0813122678

External links

• "Beyond Apollo: Five options for NASA's future (1970)". Archived from the original on 8 October 2011.
• Report of the Space Task Group, 1969