Somma volcano
A somma volcano (also known as a sommian) is a volcanic caldera that has been partially filled by a new central cone. The name comes from Mount Somma, a stratovolcano in southern Italy with a summit caldera in which the upper cone of Mount Vesuvius has grown.
Aerial view of Fogo Island, Cape Verde, an example of a somma volcano. The volcanic cone Pico do Fogo rises 100 m above the walls of the caldera.
A number of Earth's best examples of somma volcanoes are found on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands that stretch south from Kamchatka to Hokkaidō (Japan).
Some examples of somma volcanoes are the following:
- Africa
- Pico do Fogo (Fogo Island, Cape Verde)
- Teide (Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain)
- Americas
- Cosigüina (Chinandega, Nicaragua)
- Wizard Island (Oregon, United States)
- Lava domes (Mount St. Helens, Washington, United States)
- Asia
- Ebeko (Paramushir Island, Kuril Islands, Russia)
- Gunung Baru Jari (Segara Anak caldera, Lombok, Indonesia)
- Kolokol Group: Kolokol, Berg, Borzov, Trezubetz (Urup Island, Kuril Islands, Russia)
- Anak Krakatoa (Krakatoa Group, Sunda Strait, Lampung, Indonesia): a partially-submerged somma volcano
- Krenitsyn Peak (Tao-Rusyr caldera, Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands, Russia)
- Medvezhya (Iturup Island, Kuril Islands, Russia)
- Milna (Simushir Island, Kuril Islands, Russia)
- Pinatubo (Central Luzon, Philippines)
- Tengger caldera (East Java, Indonesia)
- Tondano caldera (North Sulawesi, Indonesia)
- Sakurajima (Aira caldera, Kyūshū, Japan)
- Tyatya (Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands, Russia)
- Urataman (Simushir Island, Kuril Islands, Russia)
- Zarechny (Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia)
- Europe
- Nea Kameni (Santorini caldera, Greece): a partially-submerged somma volcano
- Mount Pico (Azores, Portugal)
- Mount Vesuvius (Campania, Italy)
- Oceania
- Mount Gharat (Gaua, Vanuatu)
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