Sinopodophyllum

Sinopodophyllum is an herbaceous perennial plant in the family Berberidaceae, described as a genus in 1979.[2][3] It includes only one known species, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, native to Afghanistan, Bhutan, northern India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, and western China (Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan).[4] Common names include Himalayan may apple[5] and Indian may apple.

Himalayan mayapple
Flower and leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Berberidaceae
Genus:	Sinopodophyllum T.S.Ying
Species:	S. hexandrum
Binomial name
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying
Synonyms[1]
Dysosma emodi (Wall. ex Royle) M.Hiroe Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson Podophyllum emodi var. chinense Sprague Podophyllum hexandrum Royle Sinopodophyllum emodi (Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson) T.S.Ying

Description

Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is low to the ground with glossy green, drooping, lobed leaves on its few stiff branches, bearing a pale pink flower and bright red-orange bulbous fruit. The ornamental appearance of the plant make it a desirable addition to woodland-type gardens. It can be propagated by seed or by dividing the rhizome. It is very tolerant of cold temperatures, as would be expected of a Himalayan plant, but it does not tolerate dry conditions. Its name in Hindi and Ayurveda is bantrapushi or Giriparpat and is locally referred to as 'ban kakdi' in the Valley of Flowers National Park.[6][7]

Medicinal uses

The root and rhizome of the plant are poisonous, but used traditionally for medicine. They are composed of aryltetralin lignans that have anticancer, antifungal, and immunomodulatory properties.[8] The rhizome of the plant also contains a resin, known generally and commercially as Indian Podophyllum Resin, which can be processed to extract podophyllin (podophyllotoxin), a neurotoxin. Rhizomes contain up to 15% podophyllin.[9] In carefully administered doses, the resin can be applied topically to treat genital warts.[10]

Distribution

Sinopodophyllum hexandrum grows across the Himalayan region, east to Afghanistan, and north to Southwest China.[7][8] It is reasonably abundant in the Great Himalayan National Park of Himachal Pradesh.[11] In the fringes of the Valley of Flowers National Park, the plant's density is about one individual per square meter according to a study by C.P. Kala.[7]

Conservation

Harvesting from the wild is becoming unsustainable. [12][13][14] Over-exploitation of S. hexandrum and deforestation have resulted in its current IUCN endangered listing.[12][15] It is also listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) in which collecting and exporting all plant parts of S. hexandrum except for seed and pollen is illegal.[12]

A study published by Kharkwal et al. (2008) found that propagating S. hexandrum seeds in an off-site controlled environment allowed seedlings to grow one year faster than in the field.[8] Effective ex situ methods such as this can conserve genetic diversity while providing a substantial volume of transplants to go back out into the wild to combat over-harvesting vulnerability.

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  Close-up of single leaf
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  The approximately 5 cm long ripe fruit
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  Flowers
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  Portrait of a flower with leaves underneath
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  Close-up on a flower and its reproductive parts
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  Some fruits of a >20-year-old plant

References

1. The Plant List, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying
2. Ying, Tsun Shen. 1979. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 17(1): 15–16
3. Tropicos, Sinopodophyllum T.S. Ying
4. Flora of China Vol. 19 Page 783 桃儿七 tao er qi Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Ying in C. Y. Wu
5. "Podophyllum hexandrum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
6. Himalayan Voices
7. Kala, Chandra Prakash (2005). "Indigenous uses, population density and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in the protected areas of Indian Himalaya". Conservation Biology. 19 (2): 368–378. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x.
8. Kharkwal, A.C., Kushwaha, R., Prakash, O., Ogra, R.K., Bhattacharya, A., Nagar, P.K. and Ahuja, P.S., (2008). An efficient method of propagation of Podophyllum hexandrum: an endangered medicinal plant of the Western Himalayas under ex situ conditions. Journal of natural Medicines, 62(2), pp.211-216.
9. Sharma, V. (2013). Part based HPLC-PDA quantification of podophyllotoxin in populations of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle "Indian Mayapple" from higher altitude Himalayas. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 1, 176–183.
10. "Podophyllotoxin (Podophyllotoxin 0.5% solution)". NHS choices. National Health Service (UK). Retrieved 14 December 2014.
11. Kala, Chandra Prakash (2003). Medicinal Plants of Indian Trans Himalaya. Dehradun: Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. p. 200.
12. Chaurasia, O., & Ballabh, B. (2012). Podophyllum L: An endergered and anticancerous medicinal plant–An overview. Indian Journal Traditional of Traditional Knowledge, 11, 234–241. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/13851
13. Podophyllum peltatum L. (May-apple). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC)(2012). http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/science-and-innovation/science-publications-and-resources/resources/canadian-medicinal-crops/medicinal-crops/podophyllum-peltatum-l-may-apple/?id=1301436227464
14. Rawal, D. S., Sijapati, J., Rana, N., Rana, P., Giri, A., & Shrestha, S. (2009). Some high value medicinal plants of Khumbum region Nepal, 10, 73–82.
15. Ghimire, S. K., Mckey, D., & Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y. (2006). Himalayan medicinal plant diversity in an ecologically complex high altitude anthropogenic landscape, Dolpo, Nepal. Environmental Conservation, 33, 1. doi:10.1017/S0376892906002943