Siege of Buda (1684)

First Siege of Buda, 1684
	Part of Great Turkish War
	; Engraving of the Siege of Buda by Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi
Date	14 July–30 October 1684
Location	Buda, Ottoman Hungary
Result	Ottoman victory[1]
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire	Holy League
Commanders and leaders
Grand Vizier Kara Ibrahim Pasha; Abdi Pasha the Albanian	Charles V, Duke of Lorraine; Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden; Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg
Strength
7,000 inside Buda; 17,000 relief forces	40,000—43,000 troops[2]
Casualties and losses
Unknown	24,000[3]—30,000 [4]

In the spring of 1684 an army of about 43,000 men marched under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine to capture the city of Buda from the Turks. After the main army crossed the Danube at Esztergom on 13 June, the front of the imperial army under the command of Maximilian Lorenz Starhemberg and the cavalry Gen. Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden arrived at the castle town of Visegrád on 15 June. On 16 June the town of Esztergom was taken by storm by imperial troops in spite of its strong walls, after a gate was destroyed by cannons. The majority of the Turkish occupation troops were killed and the city was plundered. Only a few Turks managed to withdraw to the castle on the rock above the city. After a siege of 1-1/2 days, the remaining Turkish garrison capitulated on 18 June.

On 27 June the imperial army met a strong Turkish force of 17,000 men at Vác under the command of Grand Vizier Kara İbrahim Pasha, who would eventually drive out the Habsburgs.[5] Although the Turks had entrenched themselves in a favorable position, Karl V opened the fight with cannon fire. The center of the imperial troops was led by Maximilian Lorenz von Starhemberg, and after a rather short fight he knew that the Turkish troops were defeated. Vác fell to the imperial army the same day.

On 30 June the imperial main army entered the city of Pest, to which the Turks had set fire shortly before. After the army crossed the Danube at Vác, it began the siege of Buda, which was defended by approximately 7,000 Turks. The imperial army, consisting of 43,000 men, began the bombardment of Buda's fortress with 200 cannons on 14 July 1684, the anniversary of the beginning of the siege of Vienna. Field Marshal Graf Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg was assigned to conduct the siege.

On 19 July imperial forces took control of the lower part of the town of Buda. However, since too few troops were available to occupy it, Ernst Rüdiger ordered the houses in that part of the town burned down. Throughout July and August the imperial army made several attempts to attack the fortress, but all were repelled by the Turkish defenders.

At the beginning of September, an imperial general reported that the number of soldiers fit for service had shrunk, and morale was low. On 11 September an imperial auxiliary corps reached Buda, providing new momentum to the campaign.

On 22 September a Turkish relief army arrived and immediately attacked the besieging forces. The imperial army managed to repel them but was unable to defeat them. The Turkish relief army then engaged imperial troops in repeated nuisance attacks which, coupled with losses caused by the Turkish city garrison, caused a plunge in morale. Ernst Rüdiger, who was severely wounded and facing sustained criticism from his army, had to be replaced. The final blow was a spell of poor weather conditions throughout October, and the decision was made to withdraw.

On 30 October the imperial army withdrew after a siege that had lasted 109 days. Several factors had caused the size of the allied force to shrink to about half its original size: battle losses, dysentery and a fever epidemic, poorly dug trenches and tactical errors in the siege. Capt. Paul Joseph Jakob von Starhemberg and the Christian allies after this failed enterprise had sustained losses of between 24,000[3]—30,000 men.[4] Ironically, the blame for the failure was laid on the man who had only led the army at the beginning of the siege: Ernst Ruediger von Starhemberg.

References

A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, by Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, 2009, p.103
Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). Austria's Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683-1797. Pearson Education. p. 159. ISBN 9780582290846.
Young, William (2004). International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great: A Guide to the Historical Literature. iUniverse. p. 433. ISBN 9780595329922.
Banks, John (1742). The History of Francis-Eugene Prince of Savoy By an English Officer, who Served Under His Highness in the Last War with France. James Hodges, the British Library. pp. 11–12.
Tony Jaques (1 January 2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.

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[1] A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, by Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, 2009, p.103

[Michael-2] Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). Austria's Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683-1797. Pearson Education. p. 159. ISBN 9780582290846.

[Young-3] Young, William (2004). International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great: A Guide to the Historical Literature. iUniverse. p. 433. ISBN 9780595329922.

[Banks-4] Banks, John (1742). The History of Francis-Eugene Prince of Savoy By an English Officer, who Served Under His Highness in the Last War with France. James Hodges, the British Library. pp. 11–12.

[5] Tony Jaques (1 January 2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.