Shahnawaz Tanai

Lieutenant General Shahnawaz Tanai (Russian: Шахнаваз Танай, Pashto/Urdu: شهنواز تڼی), is a former Afghan politician and a former general officer who served as the Chief of General Staff of the Afghan National Army until his defection to neighboring Pakistan following the failed coup d'etat in 1990.

Shahnawaz Tanai
Gen. Shahnawaz Tanai in 1980s from the image extracted by the BBC from televised documentary
Minister of Defence
In office May 1988 – March 1990
President	Mohammad Najibullah
Preceded by	Gen. Mohammed Rafie, ANA
Succeeded by	Gen. Aslam Vatanjar
Chief of General Staff of the Afghan National Army
In office August 1988 – March 1990
Preceded by	Gen. Nazar Mohammed
Succeeded by	Gen. Asif Dlavar
Personal details
Born	Shahnawaz Tanai b. 1950 Khost, Kingdom of Afghanistan (Present-day in Afghanistan)
Citizenship	Afghanistan
Political party	People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan[1]
Residence	Afghanistan (1950–90)  Soviet Union (1986–90)  Pakistan (1990–2005)
Military service
Allegiance	Soviet Union Afghanistan
Branch/service	Afghan National Army
Years of service	1968–1990
Rank	Lieutenant General
Commands	Chief of General Staff Afghan National Army Director Military Intelligence 201st Corps in Kabul Commander Artillery Corps
Battles/wars	War in Afghanistan Soviet war in Afghanistan

Besides commanding the Afghan National Army during the Soviet-Afghan War, his command assignments included the command of the artillery and director of the military intelligence as well as serving as minister of defense under President Mohammad Najibullah.[1] He was a hardline member of the Khalq faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, and leader of at least the majority of the Khalqist faction since its former leader Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy was exiled as Ambassador to Moscow as part of the political preparation of the Soviet pullout in September 1988. A pillar of the communist regime, Tanai later attempted a coup against his former friend and President Mohammad Najibullah, before seeking refuge in a hostile Pakistan and working with fundamentalists such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.

He has been described as a "nationalist radical" who, despite being fiercely pro-Soviet, still maintained secret contacts with certain mujahideen members.[2]

Early years and army general

Tanai was born in the village, named Dargai (not to be confused with a town in Pakistan), located in the Khost in Afghanistan to a poor ethnic Pashtun in 1950. He was educated in the Soviet Union where he first studied the infantry tactics and later excelling in leadership. He married in 1978.

After the 1978 coup in which President Mohammed Daoud Khan was ousted and killed, Tanai was appointed head of Military Intelligence. He survived through the years of bloodshed that followed during the Saur Revolution. His first appointment was of Commander of the Kabul garrison.

When Mohammad Hasan Sharq was selected by President Najibullah as the new Prime Minister, the position of Minister of Defense remained open for some time, but was finally awarded to General Tanai. Tanai himself was recognized as a hawk and a sworn enemy of the Mujahideen. He even urged targeting SCUD missiles at Islamabad. He sought a military solution to the conflict, as opposed to the party's policy (under Najibullah) of national reconciliation.[3]

Coup of March, 1990

On 6 March 1990, when the trial of the Khalqi officers was about to start, Tanai launched a coup with the help of renegade mujahideen commander, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, against the then President Mohammad Najibullah. Tanai had secret sporadic contacts with the hardline Islamist Hekmatyar. The Pakistan government's involvement in this abortive affair was transparently obvious. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's plea to the other six party leaders to aid Tanai and Hekmatyar was rebuked as a disgrace to the jihad. Most of the factions viewed Gral. Tanai as an opportunistic war criminal and hardline communist who had been responsible for the carpet-bombing of portions of the major western city of Herat in March 1979.[4]

The expected uprising by the Afghan Army didn't take place: Tanai had no direct control of troops inside Kabul. President Najibullah appeared on television at 10 p.m. the same night to prove that he was physically there and in effective control of the state apparatus. Tanai escaped by helicopter to Peshawar, Pakistan, where he was greeted and publicly accepted as an ally by Hekmatyar.[5] Eventually, he settled there in Pakistan, where he lived in exile until August 4.

Post-1990

Later it was alleged, but never proven, that Tanai had assisted the Taliban. Instead, Pakistan's army had transferred support from Tanai to the Taliban, since Tanai was seen as carrying too much baggage from his former years and the Taliban leadership and ranks were made up largely of mujahidin fighters. Nonetheless, the Northern Alliance trumpeted the claim that Tanai had supported the Taliban, although this was quite easily disproven, and their own ranks included former communist leaders like Abdul Rashid Dostum.

Tanai is currently the leader of the Afghanistan Peace Movement (De Afghanistan De Solay Ghorzang Gond) party. The party is believed to be fielding a significant number of candidates around the country.

In 2005 he returned to Khost province to make a political comeback. He drove from Islamabad to the border town of Torkham, where he crossed over to Afghanistan to be warmly received by his supporters. He was then escorted in a convoy of vehicles to Kabul, where he now resides.[6]

The 55-year-old former general did not stand as a Presidential candidate in the 2004 elections, but his movement was enrolled as the 29th political party for the 2004 elections, and it was expected that his influence would bringing back Afghan communists from Pakistan and elsewhere where they fled to play a political role.

He has also campaigned for a bigger role for Pashtuns, former jihadi leaders and religious parties, and he openly criticizes United States policies that perpetuate the Northern Alliance domination in Kabul.

There were also allegations that Tanai had been sent by Pakistan to influence Afghanistan's politics in the post-Taliban period. He is also accused of working for Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI). According to western diplomatic sources, Tanai has acted as an agent for ISI by providing the Taliban a skilled cadre of military officers from the Khalq faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan to use his pilots to fly Mig-23, Sukhoi fighters of what was left of the Afghan Air Force, drive Soviet tanks and the use Soviet artillery. However, most neutral sources doubt this claim, partly because Western sources have tended to play up the ISI's role in the Pashtun discontent, and partly because of Tanai's unpopularity with Pakistan's army and intelligence—as opposed to the Pakistan Peoples Party in power when he fled to Pakistan.

References

1. Willem Vogelsang (2001-11-28). The Afghans. Google Books. ISBN 9780631198413. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
2. https://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-07/news/mn-1897_1_coup-attempt
3. https://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-07/news/mn-1897_1_coup-attempt
4. https://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-07/news/mn-1897_1_coup-attempt
5. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/21/world/failed-kabul-coup-changes-opinions.html
6. https://www.dawn.com/news/1068266

External links

• Interview with Gral. Tanai
• Pakistani description of Tanai's Coup