Seulgi (singer)

Kang Seul-gi (Korean: 강슬기; born February 10, 1994), better known simply as Seulgi, is a South Korean singer and dancer. She is a member of South Korean girl group Red Velvet and its sub-unit Red Velvet - Irene & Seulgi.

In this Korean name, the family name is Kang.
Seulgi
Kang in January 2020
Born
Kang Seul-gi

(1994-02-10) February 10, 1994
Ansan, South Korea
Occupation
  • Singer
  • dancer
Musical career
GenresK-pop
InstrumentsVocals
Years active2014–present
LabelsSM
Associated acts
Korean name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationGang Seul-gi
McCune–ReischauerKang Sŭlki
Signature

Life and career

1994–2014: Early life and career beginnings
See also: Red Velvet (group)

Kang Seul-gi was born on February 10, 1994, in Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Her family consists of her parents and an older brother. She studied in Ansan Byeolmang Middle School and attended School of Performing Arts Seoul. She can speak both Korean and Japanese.[2]

Kang began training in SM Entertainment in 2007. On December 2, 2013, she was one of the first three trainees introduced to the public through SM Entertainment's pre-debut project, SM Rookies, alongside now-NCT members Jeno and Taeyong.[3][4] Various pre-debut clips of Seulgi were released by SM, one of which was a dance performance with Irene covering ‘Be Natural’, a song that was sung originally by S.E.S.[5]

In July 2014, she was featured in Henry Lau's song "Butterfly" from his second EP Fantastic. She also appeared in the music video of the single "Fantastic".[6]

On August 1, 2014, Kang made her official debut as a member of Red Velvet.[7]

On October 31, 2014, a remake MV of the song "In Summer" by Deux, sang by Seulgi and Koeun of SM Rookies, was released by EXO Kai for MNET program EXO 90:2014.[8]

2015–present: Solo activities and sub-unit
See also: Red Velvet - Irene & Seulgi

In January 2015, she starred in an SM Entertainment musical School Oz, playing the lead role of Dorothy.[9] From April to May, she was part of the JTBC variety show Off to School.[10]

In July 2016, she released the song "Don't Push Me" with Wendy as part of the soundtrack of the KBS2 drama, Uncontrollably Fond.[11] In October 2016, Seulgi appeared on King of Mask Singer as a contestant under the alias Cinema Heaven.[12] On November 18, Seulgi sang "“그대는 그렇게/ You, Just Like That”, composed by Yoon Sang, as the theme song of NCSoft's MMORPG Blade & Soul. The song was later officially released as digital single in 2017. On December 30, Kang and bandmate Wendy and other SM artists released a digital single titled "Sound of Your Heart" for SM Station.[13]

In January 2017, she released the song "You're the Only One I See" with Wendy as part of the soundtrack of the KBS2 drama, Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth.[14] She released a duet titled "Darling U" with Super Junior's Yesung on January 22, as part of SM Station.[15] In February 2017, Seulgi and Hwang Chi-yeul collaborated for the song "Our Story", which serves as the final single track for Hwang's girl group duet project ‘Fall, in girl’.[16] In March 2017, Seulgi featured in NCT Mark's "Drop", an original song performed on High School Rapper, a survival hip hop reality TV show.[17] Seulgi, alongside six other female idols, was cast in Idol Drama Operation Team that was aired on May 29, 2017, wherein they created their own drama series, 'Let's Only Walk the Flower Road', by becoming accredited scriptwriters as well as acting in the series as fictional versions of themselves in a girl group.[18] Their group, called ‘Girls Next Door’, also released the song "Deep Blue Eyes" and held their debut stage on July 14, 2017 at Music Bank.[18] On October 27, she, along with Kangta and Wendy, released a remake of the 2001 song "인형 (Doll)" by Shinhwa's Shin Hye-sung and Lee Ji-hoon as part of the second season of the SM Station project. Its music video used footage from their live performance of the song at the SMTOWN LIVE TOUR V in JAPAN and was released on the same day.[19] In the same month, she featured in a duet "Heart Stop" with Taemin of Shinee released on his second full Korean album, Move.[20]

In February 2018, Seulgi was confirmed as part of the cast for Law of the Jungle in Mexico.[21] In April, Seulgi was also confirmed as part of the cast of JTBC new variety show Secret Unnie together with Sunmi.[22] Seulgi was also featured on Moonbyul's solo debut single "Selfish", which was released on May 23, 2018.[23] In June 2018, Seulgi and Wendy was announced filming in Austria for Battle Trip’s special 100th episode themed ‘The Country I Want to Live in’, which first episode aired on July 21, 2018.[24][25] In September 2018, she released a single "Wow Thing" as part of a mini group, Station Young, with (G)I-DLE's Soyeon, GFriend's SinB, and solo artist Chungha.[26] In October 2018, Seulgi was announced as cast of JTBC's new show Cool Kids, along with Yoo Jae-suk, Kim Shin-young, and other celebrity representatives.[27] Each cast member was introduced with an aspect that is widely acknowledged about them, Seulgi was the one on the “trend”.[27] On October 15, Seulgi was featured on South Korean hip-hop and R&B artist Zion.T's single "Hello Tutorial", which peaked at number 2 on the Gaon Digital Chart.

On February 12, 2019, Seulgi released “Always”, a ballad song about eternal love for the tvN drama The Crowned Clown.[28] For the year 2019, Seulgi was ranked as the fourth most popular female K-pop idol in a survey of soldiers doing mandatory military service in South Korea.[29]

On April 20, 2020, SM confirmed that Seulgi, alongside member Irene, would form Red Velvet's first sub-unit.[30] Red Velvet - Irene & Seulgi debuted on July 6 with the extended play Monster. This EP contained Seulgi's solo song, titled "Uncover." On October 31, 2020, Seulgi was one of the guests of Yoon Do-hyun of YB Band for his virtual Acoustic Forest tour. On November 23, 2020, Seulgi was confirmed to debut as an art essay translator for the book series “Art Gallery By My Side: Love, Happiness, Sleep”.[31]

Seulgi was featured in the music video of TVXQ Yunho's "Eeny Meeny" which was released on January 25, 2021.[32]

Artistry

Arts and photography

In addition to being an incredibly skilled dancer and powerful vocalist, Seulgi is also recognized for her amazing art skills and impressive photography skills.[33][34][35] Proving her expertise in many areas of arts, photos of her artworks have been circulating on various online communities and many have been blown away by her talent.[36][37][38] She gained the nickname “Kang Painter” and “Seul-Painter” for her sensuous and distinctive painting skills.[39] In 2016, Seulgi was chosen as the honorary ambassador for the 18th Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival to further help spread the festival's mission, which was to improve public awareness on animated films so students and lesser known artists in the field would gain more opportunities.[40] In 2019, Seulgi lent her voice to serve as an audio guide during M. Chat exhibit of world class graffiti artists at Seoul Arts Center.[41]

Due to her love for arts, the Art Museum By My Side (2020) series project by Maronie Books was offered to her to translate.[39][31] The book series is a collection of 35 artworks for each theme: Love, Happiness, Sleep.[31] Seulgi's translation of the book, originally in English by Shana Gozansky, presents both the original text and Seulgi's own feelings and interpretations.[31] She also personally picked her favorite artworks and wrote her own thoughts and feelings. The series could serve as guide to those people who usually find it difficult to enjoy art due to lack of professional knowledge.[42]

Other ventures

Endorsements

On March 21, 2018, Seulgi was picked to model Nike's collection for South Korea national football team - The Red Devils 2018 Collection.[43] Since August 2018, Seulgi has been the face of Converse Korea, becoming their first female brand ambassador.[44] Starting with the ‘One Star Campaign’ under the slogan ‘no one can evaluate me’, Seulgi and Converse have campaigned for support on one's own values and standards.[44]

On December 23, 2019, she was announced, alongside with Park Bo-gum, as the face for Coca-Cola's 2020 campaign 'Little Big Moments’.[45] She was chosen due to her positive energy that perfectly matched with the campaign.[45] On December 26, L’Occitane posted their new campaign that featured Seulgi, and two other artists, art director Cha In Cheol and illustrator Kim Se Dong.[46] Seulgi is an ambassador for L'Occitane x OMY's "City Palette" campaign for their shea butter hand cream.[46]

In January 2021, Seulgi became the new ambassador of Volkswagen. She is the face of a new campaign for their new T-Roc model, and promotes it with an original jingle and music video for their slogan ‘Born Confident’.[47] Volkswagen chose her as ambassador for her unique sensibility, ability to present unique performances with her own color, and being a cultural icon supported by millennials.[48]

Discography
Main article: Red Velvet discography
Title Year Peak chart
positions		 Sales Album
KOR
[49]		 KOR
Hot
[50]		 CHN
Alibaba
[51]		 US
World
[52]
Collaborations
"Sound of Your Heart"
(with SM Town, Steve Barakatt)		 2016 — — — — N/A SM Station Season 1
"Darling U"
(with Yesung)		 2017 — — — —
"Our Story"
(with Chiyeol)		 28 — — — Fall in, girl Vol. 3
"Doll"
(with Kangta and Wendy)		 — — — — N/A SM Station Season 2
"Wow Thing"[55]
(with Jeon So-yeon, Chungha and SinB)		 2018 35 43 — 3 SM Station X 0
Soundtrack appearances
"Don't Push Me"
(with Wendy)		 2016 25 — — — Uncontrollably Fond OST
"I Can Only See You"
(with Wendy)		 2017 80 — — — Hwarang OST
"Deep Blue Eyes"
(as Girls Next Door)		 — — — — Idol Drama Operation Team OST
"You, Just Like That" — — — — N/A Blade & Soul OST
"Always" 2019 118 — — — The Crowned Clown OST
As featured artist
"Butterfly"
(Henry Lau feat. Seulgi)		 2014 — — — —
  • KOR: 14,070+
 Fantastic
"Drop"
(Mark Lee feat. Seulgi)		 2017 93 — — — High School Rapper FINAL
"Heart Stop"
(Tae-min feat. Seulgi)		 — — 16 — N/A Move
"Selfish"
(Moonbyul feat. Seulgi)		 2018 84 — — — Selfish / Red Moon
"Hello Tutorial"
(Zion.T feat. Seulgi)		 2 2 — — ZZZ

Filmography

Film
Year Title Role Notes Ref.
2015 SMTown: The Stage Herself Documentary film of SM Town [61]
2020 Trolls World Tour Gomdori Animated film [62]

Television series
Year Title Network Role Note Ref.
2016 Descendants of the Sun KBS2 Herself Cameo [63]

Television shows
Year Title Network Role Note Ref.
2015 Off to School JTBC Cast Member Episodes 40–43 [10]
100 People, 100 Songs Contestant With Wendy
Immortal Songs KBS2 With Wendy and Joy (Episodes 223–224)
2016 M Countdown Mnet Special Host With Joy (Episode 494)
King of Mask Singer MBC Contestant As "Masterpiece of the Weekend, Cinema Heaven" (Episode 79) [12]
Idol Battle Likes KBS2 Host Episode 1
2017 Girl Group Battle Contestant With Wendy and Joy (Korean New Year Special) [64]
M Countdown Mnet Special Host With Wendy and Yeri (Episodes 510–511)
High School Rapper Featured Artist With NCT Mark [65]
Idol Drama Operation Team KBS Cast With Moonbyul, So-hee, D.ana, YooA, Sujeong, Somi [18]
2018 Law of the Jungle in Mexico SBS Episodes 320–324 [66]
Secret Unnie JTBC With Sunmi [22]
Battle Trip KBS Contestant With Wendy (Episodes 100–103) [67]
Cool Kids JTBC Host Episodes 1–6 [68]
2020 King of Mask Singer MBC Panelist Episode 259 [69]

Musical theatre
Years Title Role Notes Ref.
2014–2015 School Oz Dorothy Lead Role

Radio DJ
Year Radio Channel Role Note Ref.
2015 Kiss the Radio KBS Cool FM Special DJ With Wendy
2019 Starry Night MBC Special DJ

Music videos
Year Title Director(s) Ref.
Collaborations
2017 "Darling U"
(with Yesung)		 Hong Won Ki (Zanybros) N/A
2018 "Wow Thing"
(with SinB, Kim Chung-ha, and Jeon So-yeon)		 Doori Kwak (GDW) [70]
As featured artist
2018 "Selfish"
(Moonbyul feat. Seulgi)		 Hong Won Ki (Zanybros) [71]
"Hello Tutorial"
(Zion.T feat. Seulgi)		 Oui Kim (GDW) [72]

Awards and nominations
Year Award Category Nominee / work Result Ref.
2017 Melon Music Awards Hot Trend Award Deep Blue Eyes (as Girls Next Door) Nominated
Naver's 2017 Fashionista Awards Rising Star Award N/A Nominated

References
  1. "[더★프로필] 레드벨벳 슬기 "습관? 제 흔적 남기기요" :: THE STAR". thestar.chosun.com. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  2. Jini. 레드벨벳 슬기·아이린·웬디·조이…플룻부터 섹소폰까지 “다재다능” Archived December 25, 2020, at the Wayback Machine E Today, July 30, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  3. "'SM, 프리데뷔팀 'SMROOKIES(에스엠루키즈)' 런칭!!". SMTOWN (in Korean). December 3, 2013. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  4. "'SM루키즈' 슬기, 미모+실력파 연습생…"제2의 태연"". dongA (in Korean). December 3, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  5. "SMROOKIES' Irene and Seulgi Dance Together in "Be Natural" Video - Soompi". www.soompi.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017.
  6. Choi Jin-sil (August 8, 2014). "8월의 특급 루키 소개서 ① 레드벨벳". 10asia (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  7. Sohn Ji-young (July 28, 2014). "SM Entertainment debuts new girl group Red Velvet". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  8. "EXO Remakes Their Seniors' Music Videos for "90:2014″". Soompi. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  9. Lim Jeong-yeo (January 8, 2015). "TVXQ, SHINee, EXO, f(x) to star in hologram musical 'School OZ'". K-Pop Herald. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  10. Yang So-young. '학교다녀오겠습니다' 레드벨벳 슬기에서 허각까지, 아쉬운 이별의 순간들 Archived December 25, 2020, at the Wayback Machine TV Daily, May 6, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  11. Yang So-young (July 22, 2016). "[실시간 음원차트] SM 'STATION' 에프엑스 'All Mine' 1위 자리 유지...'함부로애틋하게' OST 선전". Star Seoul TV (in Korean). Archived from the original on October 29, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  12. Sun Mi-kyung. 레드벨벳 슬기 "'복면가왕' 출연 고심, 날 성장시킬 기회" Korea Daily, October 3, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  13. "SM스테이션 신곡 '너의 목소리' MV, 희망 담은 애니메이션으로 제작". Xportnews. December 29, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  14. "레드벨벳 웬디·슬기 '화랑' OST 합류…'너만 보여' 음원 공개". Nate (in Korean). January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  15. "Super Junior's Yesung and Red Velvet's Seulgi to sing a duet for next 'SM Station' release! - allkpop.com".
  16. "[공식] 황치열 X 슬기 신곡 '남녀의 온도차', 오늘 공개". Naver. February 20, 2017. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  17. "[단독] 레드벨벳 슬기, '고등래퍼' NCT 마크 결승 무대 피처링". Naver. March 27, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  18. "레드벨벳 슬기X전소미, '아이돌 드라마 공작단' 합류". Joy News 24. March 28, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  19. Lee, So-dam (October 28, 2017). "[퇴근길 신곡] "16년만의 '인형'"..강타X웬디X슬기, 이것이 'SM감성'". Korea Daily. Osen. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  20. "SHINee's Taemin Drops Sultry 'MOVE' Album & Single". Billboard. December 16, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  21. "WINNER's Lee Seung Hoon And Red Velvet's Seulgi Confirmed For "Law Of The Jungle" - Soompi". www.soompi.com.
  22. "Watch: Sunmi And Red Velvet's Seulgi Show Their New Friendship And Increase Excitement For Reality Show - Soompi". www.soompi.com.
  23. "MAMAMOO's Moonbyul Confirmed To Make Solo Debut With MV Featuring Red Velvet's Seulgi - Soompi". www.soompi.com.
  24. "[단독] '배틀트립', 레드벨벳 슬기X웬디 첫 출격..오스트리아 우정 여행". Naver. June 15, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  25. "'배틀트립' 레드벨벳 웬디X슬기, 하지원 빙의 거품키스 '포착'". Naver. August 10, 2018. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  26. "Red Velvet's Seulgi, GFriend's SinB, (G)I-dle's Soyeon & Chung Ha Team for 'Wow Thing' - Billboard". www.billboard.com. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  27. "'요즘애들' 레드벨벳 슬기 "나도 무대 밖에선 똑같은 20대"". Naver. October 26, 2018. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  28. "레드벨벳 슬기, '왕남' OST 불렀다…오늘(12일) 발매". Naver. February 12, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  29. "Sana de Twice es elegida la cantante más popular por los soldados de Corea del Sur". La República (in Spanish). November 10, 2019. Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  30. Lee, >Min-ji (April 21, 2020). "SM 측 "레드벨벳 아이린X슬기 유닛 준비 중"(공식입장)". naver.com (in Korean). Naver. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  31. ""그림 좋아하더니"…레드벨벳 슬기, 미술 에세이 '번역가' 데뷔". topstarnews. November 23, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  32. "레드벨벳 슬기, 유노윤호 후속곡 '이니 미니' 뮤비 출연". Naver. January 23, 2021.
  33. "레드벨벳 슬기, 그림실력도 뛰어난 곰슬기…못하는 게 뭐야 [in스타]". Naver. January 19, 2020.
  34. "'노래+춤'은 물론 '미술적 재능'까지 겸비한 레드벨벳 슬기의 완벽한 그림 실". September 14, 2020.
  35. "[SBS Star] SEULGI Amazes Fans with the Pictures of Red Velvet That She Took Herself". SBS 뉴스. March 20, 2019.
  36. "'라디오스타' 슬기, '대한·민국·만세' 삼둥이 직접 그린 그림실력 재조명". newsway. October 10, 2015.
  37. "레드벨벳 슬기, 뛰어난 그림 실력 공개…못 하는 게 없네 [★해시태그]". Chosun Ilbo. August 4, 2016.
  38. "레드벨벳 슬기, 놀라운 그림 실력 공개…"그냥 끄적인 게 이 정도?" 감탄". News Daily Truth. December 6, 2018.
  39. "내 곁에 미술관 세트 LOVE+HAPPINESS+SLEEP". Yes24. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  40. "Animation film festival draws top global talent". koreajoongangdaily.com. September 22, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
  41. "레드벨벳 슬기·NCT 도영, '웃는 고양이' 만났다". Naver. March 19, 2019.
  42. "'내 곁에 미술관' 북트레일러 영상 공개!!". Naver. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  43. "The Red Devils 2018 Collection is So Fresh and So Korea - Nike News". www.news.nike.com.
  44. "걸크러쉬, 파워 업"…슬기, 강렬한 카리스마". Naver. August 14, 2018. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  45. "한국코카콜라, 2020년 새해 캠페인 모델 '박보검X슬기' 발탁". www.enewstoday.co.kr.
  46. "록시땅X레드벨벳 슬기, '시어버터 핸드크림' 아티스트 티저공개". slist.kr. December 26, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  47. "Born Confident by 비와이 x 슬기". Volkswagen Korea. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  48. "신차데뷔]폭스바겐, 컴팩트 SUV '신형 티록' 출시..3200만원대부터 구입 가능". News Claim Korea. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  49. "Gaon Chart". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
    Collaborations:
    • "Our Story". February 25, 2017. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
    • "Wow Thing". October 6, 2018. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
    Soundtrack appearances: As featured artist:
    • "Drop". April 2–8, 2017. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
    • "Hello Tutorial". October 14–20, 2018. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
  50. "Kpop Hot 100". Billboard Korea (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
    • "Wow Thing". September 24, 2018. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  51. Alibaba Music Chart
  52. "World Digital Songs". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
  53. Cumulative sales for "Our Story":
  54. Cumulative sales for "Our Story":
  55. "'SM스테이션' 다음 주자는 '슬기X신비X소연X청하'다". Retrieved September 17, 2018.
  56. Cumulative sales for "Don't Push Me":
  57. Cumulative sales for "Don't Push Me":
  58. Cumulative sales for "I Can Only See You":
  60. Cumulative sales for "Drop":
  61. Cho Jae-yong (July 9, 2015). "'SM타운' 공연실황 다큐, 8월13일 국내개봉 확정" (in Korean). entertain.naver.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  62. "Red Velvet Share Troll-ish Character Posters for 'Trolls World Tour'". Billboard. February 9, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  63. Lee Eun Jin. ‘태양의 후예’ 레드벨벳, 위문공연에 깜짝 등장…송중기-진구 ‘환호’ Archived February 12, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Ten Asia, April 14, 2016. February 9, 2017.
  64. ""EXIDvs구구단·레드벨벳vs오마이걸"…'걸그룹대첩', 대진표 공개". Naver. January 26, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  65. "[단독] 레드벨벳 슬기, '고등래퍼' NCT 마크 결승 무대 피처링". Naver. March 27, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  66. "[단독] 위너 이승훈X레드벨벳 슬기, '정글의법칙' 뜬다..3월 멕시코行" (in Korean). Naver. February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  67. "'배틀트립' 레드벨벳 웬디X슬기, 하지원 빙의 거품키스 '포착'". Naver. August 10, 2018. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  68. "'요즘애들', 유재석의 인싸댄스…공식 포스터 공개". mydaily.co.kr. November 22, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
  69. "'복면가왕' 김호중 판정단 전격 출연…예고편서 눈물 [공식]". Naver. June 12, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  70. "SM Station 'WowThing' Music Video". Vimeo. October 24, 2018. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
  71. "Moon Byul Feat. SEULGI : SELFISH". Zanybros. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  72. "Zion.T "Hello Tutorial" feat. Seulgi / music video". Vimeo. October 21, 2018. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.