Sceptrulophora

Sceptrulophora (from Ancient Greek, σκῆπτρον, skêptron - "sceptre" and -φόρος, -phóros - "bearing") is an order of hexactinellid sponges, commonly known as Glass sponges, characterized by sceptrule spicules, that is, "microscleric monactinal triaxonic spicules that include clavules with terminel umbels or smooth heads." [2] Species of the order Sceptrulophora have existed since the Jurassic period, and still flourish today. While there is ongoing debate about the organization of various taxa in Sceptrulophora, the monophyly of the taxon Sceptrulophora is supported by the presence of sceptrules in most of the extant species, and has recently been further supported by DNA sequencing.[3][4]

Sceptrulophora
Temporal range: Jurassic–Recent
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Hexactinellida
Subclass: Hexasterophora
Order: Sceptrulophora
Mehl, 1992 [1]
Families

Families


References
  1. Mehl, D. (1992). Die Entwicklung der Hexactinellida seit dem Mesozoikum. Paläobiologie, Phylogenie und Evolutionsökologie. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen Reihe E (Paläobiologie). 2: 1-164.
  3. MARTIN DOHRMANN, CHRISTIAN GÖCKE, DORTE JANUSSEN, JOACHIM REITNER, CARSTEN LÜTER, GERT WÖRHEIDE, Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 163, Issue 4, December 2011, Pages 1003–1025, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
  4. Dohrmann M, Janussen D, Reitner J, Collins AG, Wörheide G. 2008. Phylogeny and evolution of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida). Systematic Biology 57:388-405
  5. Schulze, F.E. (1886). Über den Bau und das System der Hexactinelliden. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Physikalisch-Mathematisch Classe). 1-97.
  6. Gray, J.E. (1867). Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1867(2): 492-558, pls XXVII-XXVIII.
  7. Zittel, K.A. (1877). Studien über fossile Spongien. I: Hexactinellidae. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich-Bayerischen Akademie der Wisseneschaften. München 13(1): 1-63.
  8. Gray, J.E. (1872). Notes on the Classification of the Sponges. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. (4) 9(54): 442-461
  9. Schrammen, A. 1912. Die Kieselspongien der oberen Kreide von Nordwestdeutschland. II. Teil. Triaxonia (Hexactinellida). Palaeontographica 5 (supplement): 177-385, pls XXV-XLV.
  10. Rauff, H. (1893-1894). Palaeospongiologie. Palaeontographica. 40: i-vi, 1-346, pls I-XVII.
  11. Roemer, F.A. 1864. Die Spongitarien des norddeutschen Kreidegebirges. Palaeontographica 8: i-iv, 1-64, pls I-XIX.
  12. Reiswig, H.M. (2002). Family Uncinateridae fam. nov. pp. 1372-1376. In Hooper, J. .A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (ed.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 2 (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow).
  13. Tabachnick, K.R.; Janussen, D. (2004). Description of a new species and subspecies of Fieldingia, erection of a new family Fieldingidae and a new order Fieldingida (Porifera; Hexactinellida; Hexasterophora). In: Pansini M, Pronzato R, Bavestrello G, Manconi R, Sarà M (eds) Sponge Science in the New Millenium. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universitá di Genova. 68: 623-637.


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