Scapanorhynchus

Scapanorhynchus ("spade snout") is an extinct genus of shark that lived from the early Cretaceous until possibly the Miocene if S. subulatus is a mitsukurinid and not a sand shark.[1][2] Their extreme similarities to the living goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni, lead some experts[3][4] to consider reclassifying it as Scapanorhynchus owstoni. However, most shark specialists regard the goblin shark to be distinct enough from its prehistoric relatives to merit placement in its own genus.

Scapanorhynchus texanus, Menuha Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Israel.

Near-complete fossil of S. lewisii, under special lighting

Scapanorhynchus Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Miocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Complete fossil of Scapanorhynchus lewisii from Sahel Alma, Lebanon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Order:	Lamniformes
Family:	Mitsukurinidae
Genus:	†Scapanorhynchus Woodward, 1889
Type species
Scapanorhynchus lewisii Davis, 1887
Species
Scapanorhynchus lewisii (Davis, 1887) Scapanorhynchus texanus (Romer, 1849) Scapanorhynchus rapax (Quaas, 1902) Scapanorhynchus raphiodon (Agassiz, 1843)

Restoration of S. raphiodon

Scapanorhynchus had an elongated, albeit flattened snout and sharp awl-shaped teeth ideal for seizing fish, or tearing chunks of flesh from its prey. It was a small shark normally measuring about 65 cm, though the largest species, S. texanus, is thought to have reached up to 3 m (10 ft) in length, about the size of a modern goblin shark.[5][6] The largest teeth reported from this genus are anterior teeth from S. texanus, which can reach lengths up to 7 cm. [7][1]

References

1. Capetta, H., Chondrichthyes II, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii, vol. 3B of Handbook of Paleoichthyology, Stuttgart, New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1987.
2. Glickman, L. S., and A. O. Averianov. "Evolution of the Cretaceous Lamnoid sharks of the genus Eostriatolamia." PALEONTOLOGICAL JOURNAL C/C OF PALEONTOLOGICHESKII ZHURNAL 32 (1998): 376-384.
3. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
4. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2010). "List of Nominal Species of Mitsukurinidae (Goblin shark)". FishBase. Retrieved 2010-08-24.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
5. Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 28. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
6. http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/evol_lamnoids.htm
7. Roemer, F. 1849. Texas: Mit besonderer Rucksicht auf deutsche Auswanderung und die physischen Verhaltinisse desLands. Mit einem naturwissenschaftlichen Anhange und einer topographisch-geognostischen Karte von Texas. XV 464p. Bonn

Further reading

• Case, G and Schwimmer, D., 1998. Late Cretaceous fish from the Blufftown Formation (Campanian) in Western Georgia. Journal of Paleontology., 62(2). pp 290–301.
• Kent, B., 1994. Fossil Sharks of the Chesapeake Region. Egan Rees & Boyer, Maryland. 146 pp