Santiago Creole

Santiago Creole is the name given to the Cape Verdean Creole spoken mainly on Santiago Island of Cape Verde. It belongs to the Sotavento Creoles branch of Creole.

Santiago Creole is the linguistic entity of the most important island of Cape Verde, and the linguistic entity of the capital of the country, Praia, situated in the same island.

Characteristics

Besides the main characteristics of Sotavento Creoles the Santiago Creole has also the following ones:

• The progressive aspect of the present is formed by putting sâ tâ before the verbs: sâ tâ + V.
• In the verbs, the stress goes back to the before the last syllable in the forms for the present. Ex.: cánta /ˈkãtɐ/ instead of cantâ /kɐ̃ˈtɐ/ “to sing”, mêxe /ˈmeʃe/ or mêxi /ˈmeʃi/ instead of mexê /meˈʃe/ “to move”, pârti /ˈpɐɾti/ instead of partí /pɐɾˈti/ “to leave”, cômpo /ˈkõpo/ or cômpu /ˈkõpu/ instead of compô /kõˈpo/ “to fix”, búmbu /ˈbũbu/ instead of bumbú /bũˈbu/ “to put on the back”.
• Some speakers pronounce the voiced sibilants as voiceless. Ex. cássa /ˈkasɐ/ instead of cása /ˈkazɐ/ “house”, ôxi /ˈoʃi/ instead of ôji /ˈoʒi/ “today”.
• Some speakers pronounce the sound /ʀ/ as /ɾ/. Ex.: cáru /ˈkaɾu/ instead of cárru /ˈkaʀu/ “car”, féru /ˈfɛɾu/ instead of férru /ˈfɛʀu/ “iron”, curâl /kuˈɾɐl/ instead of currál /kuˈʀal/ “corral”.
• The sound /ɾ/ is slightly aspirated [ɾʰ].
• The sounds /n/, /t/ and /d/ are pronounced as alveolars [n͇], [t͇], [d͇] and not as dentals [n̪], [t̪], [d̪]
• The nasal diphthongs are de-nasalized. Ex.: mâi /mɐj/ instead of mãi /mɐ̃j/ “mother”, nâu /nɐw/ instead of nãu /nɐ̃w/ “no”.
• The stressed sound /a/ is pronounced /ɐ/ when it is before the sound /l/ at the end of words. Ex.: curâl /kuˈɾɐl/ instead of currál /kuˈʀal/ “corral”, mâl /mɐl/ instead of mál /mal/ “bad”, Tarrafâl /tɐɾɐˈfɐl/ instead of Tarrafál /tɐʀɐˈfal/ “Tarrafal” (place name).

Vocabulary

Grammar

Phonology

Alphabet

External links

• Dicionário Caboverdiano Português On-Line A Santiago Creole / Portuguese on-line dictionary. (in Portuguese)
• Santiago Creole
• Poetry in Santiago Creole

References

Further reading

• A Parábola do Filho Pródigo no crioulo de Santiago, do Fogo, da Brava, de Santo Antão, de S. Nicolau e da Boa Vista: O crioulo de Cabo Verde (Botelho da Costa, Joaquim Vieira & Custódio José Duarte, 1886)
• Dicionário Caboverdiano-Português, Variante de Santiago (Quint(-Abrial), Nicolas, Lisboa: Verbalis, 1998)
• Dicionário Caboverdiano-Português, Variante de Santiago (Quint(-Abrial), Nicolas, Lisboa: Verbalis-Priberam, CD-ROM, 1998)
• Dicionário do Crioulo da Ilha de Santiago - Alemão (Lang, Jürgen; Tübingen, 2002)
• O Cabo-verdiano em 45 Lições (Veiga, Manuel; Praia: INIC, 2002)
• Crioulo de Cabo Verde — Situação Linguística da Zona do Barlavento (Delgado, Carlos Alberto; Praia: IBNL, 2008)
• A Grammar of Santiago Creole (Cape Verde) = Gramática do Crioulo da Ilha de Santiago (Cabo Verde) (Jürgen Lang; Erlangen 2012 )
• A Grammar of Santiago Creole (Cape Verde) = Gramática do Crioulo da Ilha de Santiago (Cabo Verde) (Jürgen Lang; Erlangen 2012 )
• Les langues des autres dans la créolisation : théorie et exemplification par le créole d'empreinte wolof à l'île Santiago du Cap Vert (Jürgen Lang; Tübingen: Narr, 2009)