Saint Osmund

Osmund[lower-alpha 1] (died 3 December 1099), Count of Sées, was a Norman noble and clergyman. Following the Norman conquest of England, he served as Lord Chancellor (c. 1070–1078) and as the second bishop of Salisbury, or Old Sarum.

Osmund
Bishop of Salisbury
See	Diocese of Salisbury
Appointed	1078
Term ended	3 or 4 December 1099
Orders
Consecration	c. 3 June 1078
Personal details
Born	Seez, Normandy
Died	3 or 4 December 1099 Salisbury
Sainthood
Feast day	16 July, 4 December
Venerated in	Catholic Church
Canonized	1 January 1457 by Pope Callixtus III
Patronage	insanity; mental illness; mentally ill people; paralysed people; paralysis; ruptures; toothache
Lord Chancellor
In office 1070–1078
Monarch	William I of England
Preceded by	Herfast
Succeeded by	Maurice
Shrines	Salisbury

Life

Osmund, a native of Normandy, accompanied William the Conqueror to England, and was made Chancellor of the realm about 1070.[1] He was employed in many civil transactions and was engaged as one of the Chief Commissioners for drawing up the Domesday Book. Some late sources state he was created Earl of Dorset at the same time, but he did not refer to himself with that title.[2]

Osmund became bishop of Salisbury by authority of Gregory VII,[3] and was consecrated by Archbishop Lanfranc around 3 June 1078.[4] His diocese comprised the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, and Berkshire, having absorbed the former bishoprics of Sherborne and Ramsbury under its incumbent Herman at the 1075 Council of London. In his Acts of the English Bishops, William of Malmesbury[5] describes medieval Salisbury as a fortress rather than a city, placed on a high hill, surrounded by a massive wall. Peter of Blois later referred to the castle and church as "the ark of God shut up in the temple of Baal."

Henry I's biographer C. Warren Hollister[6] suggests the possibility that Osmund was in part responsible for Henry's education; Henry was consistently in the bishop's company during his formative years, around 1080 to 1086.

In 1086 Osmund was present at the Great Gemot held at Old Sarum when the Domesday Book was accepted and the great landowners swore fealty to the sovereign.[7]

Osmund died in the night of 3 December 1099,[4] and was succeeded, after the see had been vacant for eight years, by Roger of Salisbury, a statesman and counsellor of Henry I. His remains were buried at Old Sarum, translated to New Salisbury on 23 July 1457, and deposited in the Lady Chapel, where his sumptuous shrine was destroyed under Henry VIII. A flat slab with the simple inscription MXCIX has lain in various parts of the cathedral. In 1644 it was in the middle of the Lady Chapel. It is now under the easternmost arch on the south side.

Works

Saint Osmond

Osmund's work was threefold — first, the building of the cathedral at Old Sarum, which was consecrated on 5 April 1092. Five days afterwards a thunderstorm entirely destroyed the roof and greatly damaged the whole fabric.

Second was the constitution of a cathedral body. This was framed on the usual Norman model, with dean, precentor, chancellor, and treasurer, whose duties were exactly defined, some thirty-two canons, a subdean, and succentor. All save the last two were bound to residence. These canons were "secular," each living in his own house. Their duties were to be special companions and advisers of the bishop, to carry out with fitting solemnity the full round of liturgical services and to do missionary work in the surrounding districts. There was formed a school for clergy of which the chancellor was the head. The cathedral was thoroughly constituted "the Mother Church" of the diocese, "a city set on a hill". Osmund's canons were renowned for their musical talent and their zeal for learning, and had great influence on the foundation of other cathedral bodies.

Third was the formation of the "Sarum Use." In Osmund's day there were many other "Uses" (those of York, Hereford, Bangor, and Lincoln remained) and other customs peculiar to local churches, and the number was increased by the influx of Normans under William. Osmund invented or introduced little himself, though the Sarum rite had some peculiarities distinct from that of other churches. He made selections of the practices he saw round him and arranged the offices and services. Intended primarily for his own diocese, the Ordinal of Osmund, regulating the Divine Office, Mass, and Calendar, was used, within a hundred years, almost throughout England, Wales, and Ireland, and was introduced into Scotland about 1250. The unifying influence of the Norman Conquest made its spread more easy. It held general approval until in Mary's reign so many clergy obtained particular licences from Cardinal Pole to say the Roman Breviary that this became universally received. The "Register of St. Osmund" is a collection of documents without any chronological arrangement, gathered together after his time, divided roughly into two parts: the "Consuetudinary" (Rolls Series, 1–185, and in Rock, vol. III, 1–110), styled "De Officiis Ecclesiasticis", and a series of documents and charters, all more or less bearing on the construction of the cathedral at Old Sarum, the foundation of the cathedral body, the treasures belonging to it, and the history of dependent churches. The existing "Consuetudinary" was taken from an older copy, re-arranged with additions and modifications and ready probably when Richard Poore consecrated the cathedral at New Salisbury in 1225. A copy, almost verbatim the same as this, was taken from the older book for the use of St. Patrick's, Dublin, which was erected into a cathedral and modelled on the church at Sarum by Henry de Loundres who was bishop from 1213–28.[8]

William of Malmesbury[9] in summing up Osmund's character says he was "so eminent for chastity that common fame would itself blush to speak otherwise than truthfully concerning his virtue. Stern he might appear to penitents, but not more severe to them than to himself. Free from ambition, he neither imprudently wasted his own substance, nor sought the wealth of others".

Osmund gathered together a good library for his canons. A late-medieval source notes, somewhat disdainfully, that even as a bishop he would scribe, illuminate and bind books himself; by that period this was eccentric behaviour, but it was not so in 11th-century England.[10] At one time Osmund thought Archbishop Anselm too unyielding and needlessly scrupulous in the dispute concerning investitures and in 1095 at the Council of Rockingham favoured the king. But after the Lateran Council in 1099, he boldly sided with the archbishop and the beautiful anecdote is related, showing his simple sincerity, how when Anselm was on his way to Windsor, Osmund knelt before him and received his forgiveness. He had a great reverence for St. Aldhelm who 300 years before as Bishop of Sherborne had been Osmund's predecessor. He officiated at the saint's translation to a more fitting shrine at Malmesbury and helped Lanfranc to obtain his canonization. Abbot Warin gave him a bone of the left arm of St. Aldhelm which he kept at Sarum where miracles were wrought. In 1228 the Bishop of Sarum and the canons applied to Gregory IX for Osmund's canonization but not until some 200 years afterwards on 1 January 1457, was the bull issued by Callistus III.[11] In 1472 a special indulgence was granted by Sixtus IV for a visit to his cathedral on his festival and a convocation held in St. Paul's in 1481 fixed 4 December as the day to commemorate him. A house at Bishop Wordsworth's School is named for him. He is commemorated by a statue in niche 178 on the west front of Salisbury Cathedral.

Osmund's canonization took almost 230 years,[12] with papal proceedings that started in 1228 not concluding until 1457.[13]

Notes

1. Norman: Osmond, Latin: Osmundus

Citations

1. Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 83
2. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dorset, Earls, Marquesses and Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 431.
3. Parker, Anselm. "St. Osmund." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 28 Mar. 2013
4. Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 270
5. William of Malmesbury, Gesta pontificum anglorum, 183.
6. Hollister, Henry I (Yale English Monarchs) 2001:36f.
7. Edward A. Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest of England.
8. Todd, in The British Magazine vols. xxx and xxxi.
9. William of Maslmesbury, Gesta pontificum anglorum 184.
10. Dodwell, C.R.; Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective, p. 47, 1982, Manchester UP, ISBN 071900926X (US edn. Cornell, 1985)
11. British History Online Bishops of Salisbury accessed on 30 October 2007
12. Swanson Religion and Devotion p. 315
13. Swanson Religion and Devotion p. 148

References

• British History Online Bishops of Salisbury accessed on 30 October 2007
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
• Swanson, R. N. (1995). Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215-c. 1515. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37950-4.

Further reading

• Stroud, Daphne (Autumn 1983). "St Osmund — Some Contemporary Evidence". The Hatcher Review. 2 (16): 243–250.
• Greenway, Diana E. (1999). Saint Osmund: Bishop Of Salisbury 1078–1099, And Founder Of The Cathedral At Old Sarum. RJL Smith & Associates. ISBN 978-1872665238.

External links

• St. Osmond on catholic.org
• Patron Saint Index: Osmund