SSPH Primus

The Singapore Self-Propelled Howitzer 1 (SSPH 1) Primus is a self-propelled howitzer armed with a 155 mm howitzer. Developed jointly by the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) and Singapore Technologies Kinetics (ST Kinetics), it was introduced to the Singapore Artillery in 2004. Primus is derived from the Artillery motto In Oriente Primus (Latin: "First in the East").

SSPH Primus
The SSPH1 Primus on static display during Singapore Army Open House 2007
TypeSelf-propelled artillery
Place of originSingapore
Service history
In service2002 - Present
Used bySingapore Armed Forces
Production history
DesignerST Kinetics
Designed1996
ManufacturerST Kinetics
Produced2000
Specifications
MassCombat weight: 28.3 tonnes (31.2 short tons; 27.9 long tons)
LengthChassis: 6.6 metres (21 ft 8 in)
Overall: 10.21 m (33 ft 6 in)
WidthChassis: 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Overall: 3.0 m (9 ft 10 in)
Height3.28 m (10 ft 9 in)
Crew4 (Commander, Driver, Ammo Loader, Charge Loader)

Shell155 mm NATO
Caliber155 mm 39 calibre
BreechFull automatic Interrupted screw with electronic rammer and semi-auto loader
Elevation-5°/+75°
Traverse360°
Rate of fireBurst: 3 rounds/20 sec
Maximum: 6 rpm
Sustained: 2 rpm
Maximum firing range30 km (19 mi) with ER projectile

ArmorHigh-hardness Steel
Main
armament
155 mm Howitzer gun
Secondary
armament
1× 7.62 mm GPMG
EngineDetroit Diesel Corporation (DDC) 6V 92TA
550 horsepower (410 kW)
Power/weight19.43 hp/tonne
SuspensionTorsion bar suspension
Operational
range
350 km (220 mi)
Maximum speed 50 km/h (31 mph)

Production history and development

The idea for a self-propelled howitzer within the SAF was developed in the early 1990s, with the aim of providing better fire support to the armour brigades in the Combined Arms Divisions. This new weapon system would require the ability to keep pace with the high tempo of armoured operations, while providing the range, firepower and accuracy that the artillery is renowned for. The 155mm self-propelled howitzer was seen as the obvious choice.

The decision to develop the Primus was made after a market survey in 1995 and 1996 of some of the world's best self-propelled guns from the United States (M109 Paladin), United Kingdom (AS90 Braveheart), Japan (Type 75) and Russia (2S3M1) found them either too heavy or too wide for local terrain.

Leveraging its experience with designing, developing and producing various towed artillery systems (the FH-88 and FH-2000) for the SAF, ST Kinetics, together with DSTA began the development of the Primus in earnest in 1996.

By April 2000, the first working prototype was rolled out, using a vehicle chassis adapted from a United Defense armoured chassis (the Universal Combat Vehicle Platform; UCVP) which includes components from the US M109 Paladin howitzer, M2 Bradley IFV & M8-AGS. The next 2 years saw the system undergoing a series of comprehensive tests to ensure that the Primus was able to withstand the rigors required of it. As land in Singapore is scarce, firing tests were first done at the Waiouru Army Camp live-firing range in New Zealand as part of Exercise Thunder Warrior in February 2004.[1][2] The guns have also participated in Exercise Wallaby at the Shoalwater Bay Training Area in Queensland, Australia.[3]

In September 2002, the Primus was officially certified to have met the SAF’s criteria, and was formally adopted in the SAF. Since then, this Artillery platform is utilised by the 21st Battalion Singapore Artillery as their primary weapon system for training and operation purposes.

Design

SSPH 1 on display at Marina South during National Day Parade, 2005 celebrations

The chassis is based on the proven United Defense M109 155 mm self-propelled howitzer. This has been upgraded in a number of key areas and has a new power pack similar to that fitted to ST Kinetics Bionix infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), which is already in SAF service. The use of common subsystems for the Primus and Bionix IFV offers several advantages, including easier training and reduced logistics.

The Primus power pack consists of a Detroit Diesel Corporation 6V 92TIA diesel engine developing 550 hp coupled to a General Dynamics Land Systems HMPT-500-3EC fully automatic transmission.

The maximum road speed of the Primus is 50 km/h, with an operating range of 350 km. Its combat weight of 28.3 tons allows it to use the SAF's military bridging systems. The Primus could be deployed by the future Airbus A400M Transport aircraft.

The turret is fitted with a locally developed 155 mm/39-cal barrel with a muzzle brake and fume extractor. This meets the NATO Joint Ballistics Memorandum of Understanding. The range of the Primus' gun depends on the type of projectile and charge combination used, and is about 19 km with the old M107 high explosive (HE) projectile and 30 km (19 mi) with an extended range full bore base bleed projectile. In addition to smoke, HE and illumination projectiles, the locally developed 155 mm cargo round can also be fired.

A semi-automatic loading system is provided to increase the rate of fire and reduce crew fatigue. The fused projectiles are loaded and rammed automatically; the modular charges are loaded manually. The Primus has a burst rate of fire of three rounds in 20 seconds and a maximum rate of fire of 6 rounds per min. The bustle mounted magazine holds up to 22 rounds of 155 mm projectile.

The digital fire control system automates the complete projectile loading process and gun laying operation. An ammunition inventory management system keeps track of all onboard ammunition as well as ammunition expenditure during firing. The weapon is laid to the target using an automatic fire control system, which includes an onboard positioning and navigation system. This can receive target information from the battery or regimental command post. It takes less than 60 seconds to come into action and open fire and 40 seconds to re-deploy.

Incidents

2019 Accident

On 19 January 2019, Singapore Army NSman Corporal First Class (CFC (NS)) and Mediacorp Actor, Aloysius Pang was accidentally crushed by the gun barrel of a Primus while performing maintenance inside the vehicle during his overseas reservist training in New Zealand.[4][5] Although he was immediately rushed to receive emergency medical treatment, on 23 January 2019, Pang was pronounced dead at Waikato Hospital.[6]

Additional specifications

Special features

  • Automatic loading system, enables operation with 4 men crew
  • Automated targeting based on GPS and Datalink
  • Datalink system for shared targeting within battalion and information feeding from forward observers.

Mobility

  • Number of road wheel: 7 per side
  • Climbing side slope : 31°

Misconception

The Primus has been mistaken as artillery being mounted on a Bionix chassis, and in the earlier days of development as a Bionix MBT variant. This was brought about by the fact that the UCVP (which the Primus was based on) bears a superficial resemblance to that of the Bionix and the fact that ST Engineering had indeed at the time been experimenting on a light tank variant of the Bionix.

See also

References

Notes
  1. "DSTA shares experiences and challenges of developing the Primus". The Straits Times (reproduced by DSTA). 2004-02-12. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  2. "New Zealand Defence Force update: The Singapore connection" (PDF). New Zealand Defence Force: Defence Update Newsletter. 2007-04-23. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  3. "Singaporean and Australian Defence Ministers visit Exercise Wallaby 06". Ministry of Defence (Singapore). 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
  4. "Aloysius Pang was crushed between howitzer gun barrel and cabin". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
  5. "Actor Aloysius Pang crushed by gun barrel, suffered injury to 'multiple organs'". TODAYonline. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
  6. "Aloysius Pang first soldier to be injured operating Singapore Self-Propelled Howitzer: MINDEF". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
Bibliography
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