SOLRAD

SOLRAD (short for "SOLar RADiation," sometimes presented as "SOLRAD") was an American series of satellites sponsored by the US Navy in a program to continuously monitor the Sun. SOLRAD was the Naval Research Laboratory's first post-Vanguard satellite.[1]

A first-series SOLRAD/GRAB

Background

Until the Kennedy administration, American satellite launches were unclassified.[2] As a result, the United States Air Force and the Navy found themselves in the awkward position of wanting to orbit spy satellites but not reveal their nature to potential enemies. Just as the Air Force elected to pair their capsule film recovery satellites with biological payloads under the Discoverer program, so did the Navy develop a scientific cover for its GRAB series of radio/radar surveillance (ELINT) satellites.

The field of solar X-ray astronomy lent itself well to such an application. As the Earth's atmosphere absorbs extraterrestrial X-ray sources (of which the Sun is by far the most prominent), it is necessary to send sensors high in or above the atmosphere to detect them. Otherwise, a vast spectrum of solar output is unavailable to Earthbound scientists.[3]

Thus, the GRAB satellites would be equipped with X-ray sensors such that they could conduct publicly available scientific research while secretly spying on other countries' military installations. Moreover, through continuous observation of the Sun, the SOLRAD satellites would help the military better understand the effect of solar activity (including solar flares) on radio communications.[4]

Development

When the National Aeronautics and Space Administration was established on July 29, 1958, most of the NRL Vanguard group's 200 scientists and engineers became the core of NASA's spaceflight activities (though the group remained housed at NRL until the new facilities at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Beltsville, Md. became available in September 1960).

Despite this exodus, NRL satellite and space-based research continued. Through the advocacy of NRL engineer Martin Votaw, a small contingent of remaining NRL rocket scientists and technicians regrouped to form the Satellite Techniques Branch headed by Votaw.

Their first project was SOLRAD. The new branch was tasked with creating the engineering hardware of the "satellite bus," responsible for the structure, power supply, command, telemetry and the coordination of a satellite, along with its interface with the booster. The branch also handled any special circuitry needed to support the satellite payload.[5]

The SOLRADs were not a standardized series of satellites. The first five SOLRADs, launched 1960-1962, were scientific payloads aboard GRAB ELINT satellites, whose primary mission was to monitor foreign radar and communications systems. Starting in 1963, the next three SOLRADs were stand-alone satellites co-launched with next-generation POPPY surveillance satellites,[6] and beginning with SOLRAD 8, in 1965, SOLRADs were launched alone under the auspices of the Explorer program.[7]

Launches
Name Launch date International Designators Other names Launch vehicle
SOLRAD mass simulator 13 April 1960 1960-003C – Thor DM-21 Ablestar [8]
SOLRAD 1 22 June 1960 1960-007B GRAB-1 Thor DM-21 Ablestar
SOLRAD 2 30 November 1960 (failed launch) SRD-2 GRAB-2 Thor DM-21 Ablestar
SOLRAD 3 29 June 1961 1961-015B GRAB-3a, Injun 1 Thor DM-21 Ablestar
SOLRAD 4 24 January 1962 (failed launch) GRAB, Injun 2[9] Thor DM-21 Ablestar[7]
SOLRAD 4B 26 April 1962 (failed launch) SRAD4B GRAB-3b Scout X-2
SOLRAD 5 Not launched – GRAB –
SOLRAD 6 15 June 1963 1963-021C Solrad 6A[10] Thor-Agena D
SOLRAD 7A 11 January 1964 1964-001D Solrad 6[11] Thor Augmented Delta-Agena D
SOLRAD 7B 9 March 1965 1965-016D – Thor Augmented Delta-Agena D
SOLRAD 8 19 November 1965 1965-093A Explorer 30 Scout X-4
SOLRAD 9 5 March 1968 1968-017A Explorer 37 Scout B-1 S160C
SOLRAD 10 9 July 1971 1971-058A Explorer 44 Scout B S177C
SOLRAD 11A 14 March 1976 1976-023C Titan IIIC
SOLRAD 11B 14 March 1976 1976-023D Titan IIIC
SOLRAD 11C Not launched SRD-11C –

References
  1. Wade, Mark. "Solrad". Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  2. Day, Dwayne A.; Logsdon, John M.; Latell, Brian (1998). Eye in the Sky The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 176. ISBN 1-56098-830-4.
  3. Keller, C. U. (1995). "X-rays from the Sun". Experientia. 51 (7): 710–720. doi:10.1007/BF01941268. S2CID 23522259.
  4. "Navy's Needs in Space for Providing Future Capabilities". Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  5. "NRL Center for Space Technology Reaches Century Mark in Orbiting Spacecraft Launches". Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  6. McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathon's Space Report. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
  7. American Astronautical Society (23 August 2010). Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-1-85109-519-3.
  8. Johnson, Stephen B. (23 August 2010). Space Exploration and Humanity. ISBN 9781851095193. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  9. "Composite Launch Attempt Fails". Aviation Week and Space Technology. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company. January 29, 1962. Retrieved January 15, 2019.
  10. McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  11. Landini, M.; Fossi, B. C. Monsignori; Poletto, G.; Tagliaferri, G. L. (1968). "The 44 60 Å flux during the ascending period of the solar cycle no. 20 (1964 67)". Solar Physics. 5 (4): 546. Bibcode:1968SoPh....5..546L. doi:10.1007/BF00147019. S2CID 120525776. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
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