Rotwelsch

Rotwelsch (German: [ˈʁoːtvɛlʃ], "beggar's foreign (language)") or Gaunersprache (German: [ˈɡaʊnɐʃpʁaːxə], "crook's language", also Kochemer Loshn (from Yiddish "חוכמער לשון", "tongue of the wise") is a secret language, a cant or thieves' argot, spoken by groups (primarily marginalized groups) in southern Germany and Switzerland. The language is based primarily on German.

During the 19th and 20th century, Rotwelsch was the object of linguistic repression, with systematic investigation by the German police.[1]

Origin and development

Rotwelsch was formerly common among travelling craftspeople and vagrants. The language is built on a strong substratum of German, but contains numerous words from other languages, notably from various German dialects, including Yiddish, as well as from Romany languages, notably Sintitikes. There are also significant influences from Judæo-Latin, the ancient Jewish language spoken in the Roman Empire. Rotwelsch has also played a great role in the development of the Yeniche language. In form and development it closely parallels the commercial speech ("shopkeeper language") of German-speaking regions.

Examples
  • Schokelmei = Kaffee (coffee)
  • schenigeln = arbeiten (to work)
  • Krauter = Chef eines Handwerkbetriebes (master artisan)
  • Kreuzspanne = Weste (waistcoat)
  • Wolkenschieber = Frisör, Barbier (barber)
  • Stenz = Wanderstock des Handwerksburschen (walking stick)
  • fechten = betteln (to beg)
  • Platte machen = Unterkunft suchen (to seek lodging)
  • Puhler = Polizist (policeman)

From Feraru's Muscle Adolf & Co.: Ring-Clubs and Organised Crime in Berlin
  • abfaßen = to arrest (literally 'to write out')
  • acheln = to eat (from Hebrew)
  • ackern = to go acquire; to go off the line (literally 'to till or cultivate')
  • den Affen kaufen = to get drunk (literally 'to buy the ape')
  • alle gehn = to be arrested; to vanish into thin air
  • assern = to testify against someone, to 'betray' them
  • aufmucken = to revolt against orders
  • auftalgen = to hang (literally 'to grease up')
  • der Getalgente = the hanged man
  • balldowern = to spy out; to make inquiries about (perhaps from Hebrew Ba'al Davar = one who brings an accusation)
  • ballmischpet = examining magistrate (from Hebrew Ba'al Mishpat = Master of Law)
  • der Bau = the prison or penitentiary (literally 'the lodge')
  • Bauer = a stupid simple-minded person (literally 'peasant' or 'farmer')
  • begraben sein = to be hunted for a long time (literally 'to be buried')
  • bei jom = by day (Hebrew yom = day)
  • bei leile = by night (Hebrew laila = night)
  • der Bello = the prison toilet
  • beramschen = to swindle
  • berappen = to pay up or fork over money (literally 'to plaster a wall'); also possibly from Malayan through Dutch: berapa means 'how much?' (what does it cost), now integrated in Dutch as berappen: to pay.
  • betuke = discreet or imperceptible (perhaps from Hebrew betokh = within)
  • die Bim = a small bell (from bimmel)
  • bleffen (or anbleffen) = to threaten. Possibly from Dutch: blaffen: to bark (like a dog).
  • der Bock, from Romani bokh = hunger, coll. Bock haben = to be up for something.
  • Bombe = coffee glass (literally 'bombshell')
  • brennen (literally 'to burn') = Extortion, but also to collect the "thieves' portion" with companions. The analogy between distilling spirits (Branntweinbrennen) and taking a good gulp of the portion (Anteil) is obvious.[2]

Current status

Variants of Rotwelsch, sometimes toned down, can still be heard among travelling craftspeople and funfair showpeople as well as among vagrants and beggars. Also, in some southwestern and western locales in Germany, where travelling peoples were settled, many Rotwelsch terms have entered the vocabulary of the vernacular, for instance in the municipalities of Schillingsfürst and Schopfloch. A few Rotwelsch words have entered the colloquial language, for example, aufmucken, Bau, and berappen. Baldowern or ausbaldowern is very common in the Berlin dialect; Bombe is still used in German prison jargon. Bock haben is also still used all around Germany. The Manisch dialect of the German city of Gießen is still used, although it was only spoken fluently by approximately 700-750 people in 1976.[3]

Code

Josef Ludwig Blum from Lützenhardt (Black Forest) wrote from war prison:

"[E]s grüßt Dich nun recht herzlich Dein Mann, viele Grüße an Schofel und Bock. Also nochmals viel Glück auf ein baldiges Wiedersehen in der schönen Heimat. Viele Grüße an Mutter u. Geschwister sowie an die Deinen."

Bock and Schofel are persons? The control let pass the words. This code words Schofel ("bad") and Bock ("hunger") change the meaning.[4]

In arts

A variant of Rotwelsch was spoken by some American criminal groups in the 1930s and the 1940s, and harpist Zeena Parkins' 1996 album Mouth=Maul=Betrayer made use of spoken Rotwelsch texts.[5]

An example of Rotwelsch is found in Gustav Meyrink's Der Golem and reads as follows:

An Beindel von Eisen recht alt.
An Stranzen net gar a so kalt.
Messinung, a' Räucherl und Rohn,
und immerrr nurr putzen.
Und stoken sich Aufzug und Pfiff,
und schmallern an eisernes G'süff.
Juch,
Und Handschuhkren, Harom net san.[6]

See also

References
  1. The language police were terrifyingly real – My grandfather was one (Martin Puchner on Rotwelsch, an elusive language of Central Europe) (Literary Hub, 20 Nov 2020).
  2. Feraru, Peter (1995). Muskel-Adolf & Co.: die "Ringvereine" und das organisierte Verbrechen in Berlin [Muscle Adolf & Co.: Ring-Clubs and Organised Crime in Berlin] (in German). Argon. ISBN 978-3-87024-785-0.
  3. Hans-Günter Lerch, Tschü lowi...Das Manische in Giessen, 1976/2005, reprint edition, page 22, ISBN 3-89687-485-3
  4. Christian Efing (2005), Das Lützenhardter Jenisch: Studien zu einer deutschen Sondersprache (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, p. 74, ISBN 978-3447052085
  5. Proefrock, Stacia; Allmusic.com review of Mouth=Maul=Betrayer; URL accessed Jan 06, 2007
  6. Der Golem online.

Further reading
  • Puchner, Martin. The Language of Thieves: My Family's Obsession with a Secret Code the Nazis Tried to Eliminate (First ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1-324-00591-9. OCLC 1137818284.
  • Wolf, S.A.: Wörterbuch des Rotwelschen. Deutsche Gaunersprache, 1985/1993, 431 S., ISBN 3-87118-736-4
  • Heinz Sobota: Der Minus-Mann, 1978, Verlag Kiepenheuer und Witsch.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.