Robert L. May

Robert L. May (July 27, 1905 – August 11, 1976) was the creator of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.

Life and work

Robert Lewis May was born in Arverne, Long Island, New York,[1] and grew up in a fairly affluent secular Jewish home in New Rochelle, New York.[2][3] His parents were members of the Ethical Culture Society, which believed that morality is independent of theology.[4] May grew up having no religious preference.[5] He had a brother and two sisters. One of the sisters, Evelyn May, is the grandmother of the well-known economist Steven D. Levitt, who wrote the book Freakonomics.[6] The other sister, Margaret, married songwriter Johnny Marks in 1947.[7]

After graduating from Mayflower Elementary School in New Rochelle, New York in 1917, May attended Riverside Country Day School in Greenwich, Connecticut for one year. He went on to graduate from New Rochelle High School in 1922, and from Dartmouth College in 1926, where he was Phi Beta Kappa, and received his A.B. magna cum laude.[8] At Dartmouth, May majored in psychology, and was exposed to the work of Alfred Adler whose thesis was that the basic human motivation is a striving for perfection and self-assertion that stems from a desire to overcome feelings of inferiority. Adler's impact on May is strongly suggested by the fact that several of the children's stories he later wrote involved a hero who strived to overcome a physical handicap that had produced a deep sense of inferiority.

Upon leaving Dartmouth, May was hired as a copywriter by R.H. Macy & Co., the New York City department store. In 1927, he moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where he worked two years as advertising manager for J. L. Brandeis & Co. department store. During that time, May married Evelyn Ruth Heymann of New York City. Evelyn was a 1923 graduate of the Ethical Culture School in New York and a 1927 graduate of Radcliffe College.[9] The marriage took place in Chicago on November 29, 1928. The following year, the Mays moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he worked for a year as advertising manager at Rich's department store. In 1930, they returned to New York City where May was hired as assistant sales manager for Butterick Company. In the summer of 1932, the Great Depression cost him his job. His parents were likewise hard hit by the Depression: his father Milton's business, the May Lumber Co., was forced to close and the family lost most of their wealth.[10]

May had some difficulty finding a new job, but in 1933 he was hired as advertising manager and copy writer for Gimbel Brothers department store in New York City.[11] At the end of the following year, Evelyn gave birth to their daughter Barbara. Early in 1936, May resigned from Gimbel's in order to move to Chicago where he took on a low-paying job as in-house advertising copywriter for Montgomery Ward. He would work for Ward's for most of the next 24 years.[12] Throughout these years, Evelyn worked full time as a social worker, while also studying at Columbia University's New York School of Social Work and teaching part-time at Northwestern University.[13]

Early in 1939, May's boss at Ward's asked him to write a "cheery children's book" for Christmas shoppers, suggesting "it should be an animal story, with a character like Ferdinand the Bull."[14] Prior to that time, Ward's had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas, but it decided that creating a book of its own would save money and be a nice good-will gesture.[15] This request came at a difficult time in May's life. Evelyn was dying of cancer and he was struggling to support his family and pay for her medical treatments on a salary of $5,000/year.[16] [17] As May would later write, "I was heavily in debt at age 35, still grinding out catalogue copy. Instead of writing the great American novel, as I'd always hoped. I was describing men's white shirts."[18]

In writing the Christmas giveaway, May decided to make a reindeer the central character of the book because it was a Christmas animal. It had to be a sort of "ugly duckling" who had a lot of heart to make it with Santa.[19] He "drew on memories of his own painfully shy childhood when creating his Rudolph story."[20] He and his then four-year-old daughter Barbara, together with Ward's artist Denver Gillen, visited Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo one Saturday to get a better idea of what Rudolph might look like.[21] Working at home and in his spare time at the office, May wrote the book in about 50 hours. As he finished drafting each part, he would read it to Barbara. "She was my guinea pig" and "I ran the words on her for size."[22] When Evelyn then died July 28, 1939,[23] May's boss offered to relieve him of the project and have someone else finish it, but May declined and finished the poem in late August. On the day of its completion, "I called Barbara and her grandparents into the living room and read it to them. In their eyes I could see that the story accomplished what I had hoped."[24]

This softcover Rudolph poem booklet was first distributed by Montgomery Ward during the 1939 holiday season.[25] Shoppers loved it and 2.4 million copies were distributed. Wartime restrictions on paper use prevented a re-issue until 1946. In that year, Montgomery Ward gave away another 3.6 million softcover copies to its shoppers.[26]

On May 29,1941, May married Virginia Newton, a secretary at Montgomery Ward. She had completed one year at Mundelein College in Chicago before having to drop out during the Depression. She was an accomplished artist and took classes at the Art Institute of Chicago. May and Virginia had five children: Joanna, Christopher, Virginia, Martha and Elizabeth.[27]

In 1946, May received an offer from RCA Victor, which wanted to do a spoken-word record of the poem.[28] He could not give his approval, however, because Ward's held the rights to his poem. At the encouragement of Wilbur H. Norton, a company vice-president, Ward's president, Sewell Avery, gave May the copyright to the poem, free and clear. The transfer did not take effect until January 1, 1947, so that Ward's could again distribute the book as a 1946 Christmas giveaway.[29]

May had difficulty finding a publisher for what was now his Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer poem book. "Nobody wanted him, not with 6 million copies already distributed. Finally I found a publisher, a little guy with a big nose, who said he knew what it was like for Rudolph and was willing to take a chance on a printing."[30] The little guy was Harry Elbaum, head of Maxton Publishers, a small New York company that he had put together in 1945.[31] Maxton published the first commercial edition of Rudolph just in time for the 1947 Christmas season.[32] He printed 100,000 copies of the now hardcover book, which sold for 50 cents, and was a great success.[33] The same was true of RCA Victor's 45-rpm spoken-word version of the poem, narrated by Paul Wing with music by George Kleinsinger.[34] A number of other Rudolph products were also put on the market that year, including a stuffed reindeer toy, picture-puzzle books, and children's slippers.[35]

In 1948, May persuaded his brother-in-law, Johnny Marks, to write the words and the music for a musical adaptation of Rudolph. Though the song was initially turned down by such popular vocalists as Bing Crosby and Dinah Shore, it was finally recorded in 1949 by the singing cowboy, Gene Autry, whose wife persuaded him to sing it.[36] The song became a phenomenal success and would be recorded by many famous artists, including Mitch Miller,[37] Dean Martin,[38] and Perry Como[39] -- and eventually even by Bing Crosby.[40] The song became the second-most popular Christmas tune of all time, surpassed only by "White Christmas."[41]

Rudolph soon became part of the American culture. At the end of 1950, the Chicago Tribune wrote: "There is no question but that Rudolph has become a legend -- the first new and accepted Christmas legend since Charles Dickens' 'A Christmas Carol,' and Clement Moore's 'A Visit from St. Nicholas.'"[42] Six years later, a book on the American Christmas noted: "The tale of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a very important addition to the folk celebration of Christmas. It has become popular in a short time, and there are signs that this 'rejected' deer will be fused with Santa Clause in Christmas lore."[43]

During the 1950s, more than one hundred different Rudolph products were licensed and produced. As managing Rudolph became more and more a full-time job, May created his own company, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Enterprises in 1951 and resigned from Ward's. But by 1958, Rudolph sales had declined considerably. Though May had earned a fair amount in Rudolph's early days, the top federal income tax rate in the 1950s was 91 or 92 percent for individuals, and 72 percent for corporations.[44] The result was that less than 7 years after he had quit the company, May returned to Ward's as a copyeditor, "remind[ing] them of company policy: 'Ward's will take anything back!'" He would remain with Ward's until he retired in 1970.[45]

May wrote two sequels to Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. The first, entitled Rudolph's Second Christmas, was a 1951 RCA Victor phonograph album narrated by Paul Wing;[46] it did not appear in book form until 1992, long after May had died.[47] The story is mostly in prose (except that Rudolph speaks in anapestic tetrameter). It was later republished as Rudolph to the Rescue (2006).[48] The second sequel, Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Shines Again, published in 1954, is entirely in anapestic tetrameter, like the original Rudolph.[49] In addition to these sequels, a prose adaptation of the original story was published as a Little Golden Book in 1958.[50]

Rudolph would become popular in Europe, Australia and Canada, and achieved limited acceptance in some Latin American countries where Santa Claus is not a traditional part of the Christmas season.[51] The Rudolph story has appeared in several foreign editions. In addition to an English version put out in Britain, a Danish edition was published in Copenhagen in 1951, under the title Rensydret Rudolf med den Røde Tud.[52] Several French editions were published in Paris, under the title Le Petit Renne au Nez Rouge. Because of the German origin of the name Rudolph, the hero remained nameless in the early French editions, but in a 1975 edition, the hero took on the name Nicolas.[53] A licensed comic books series, published by DC Comics, appeared as annual issues from 1950 and 1962, and again from 1972 through 1980.[54]

There have been a number of film adaptations of Rudolph. The first, an eight-minute animated film directed by Max Fleischer and narrated by Paul Wing, was a 1948 promotional piece made by Montgomery Ward. It showed at the Radio City Music Hall and in hundreds of theatres around the country.[55] In 1964, Rankin/Bass Productions produced an animated television film, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, which employed true-to-life, stop-motion puppet animation known as Animagic.[56] It was a remarkable success, 2020 marking its 57th consecutive year on the air, the longest running television special in history.[57] In 1975, Rankin/Bass made a second Rudolph television film, this an animated fantasy entitled Rudolph's Shiny New Year, which aired in 1976.[58] And in 1979, Rankin/Bass produced and released Rudolph and Frosty, Christmas in July, an animated feature-length movie.[59] Several other feature-length Rudolph films have appeared more recently. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie, was released by GoodTimes Entertainment and Golden Books Family Entertainment in 1998.[60] Three years later, GoodTimes produced an animated sequel, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys.[61]

In addition to his Rudolph stories, May published several other children's books: Benny the Bunny Liked Beans (1940);[62] Winking Willie (1948);[63] and Sam the Scared-est Scarecrow (1972).[64] None of these came close to matching the success of Rudolph.

Seventy-five years after May created the Rudolph character and 50 years after the first Rankin/Bass film, Rudolph was honored by the U.S. Postal Service. On November 6, 2014, it issued four stamps that featured characters from the Rankin/Bass production.[65]

May was an accomplished bridge player and an avid sports fan. From 1930 to 1934, he was a ghostwriter for the nationally syndicated bridge columnist, Milton C. Work.[66] His other avocations included bowling, golf, and growing 15-foot-tall tomato plants that reached the second story of his house.[67] May was active in civic affairs, planning and writing the City of Chicago's Community Fund Campaign in 1941, 1942 and 1945. He was a member of the Optimist Club of Evanston, and volunteered his time to the Evanston Council of the Boy Scouts of America, and to other local organizations.[68]

May's second wife, Virginia, a devout Catholic, died April 7, 1971. The following year, he fulfilled one of her wishes by converting to Catholicism. On July 25, 1972, he married Claire (Newton) Sims, Virginia's sister, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. May died in Evanston, Illinois on August 11, 1976. He is interred at Saint Joseph Cemetery, River Grove, Illinois.[69]

See also

References
  1. "May, Robert Lewis," 61 National Cyclopedia of American Biography 218 (1982), ISBN 0-88371-036-6 [hereinafter May, 61 Nat'l Cycl. Am. Biog.].
  2. Nate Bloom, "Shining a Light on the Largely Untold Story of the Origins of Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer," https://18doors.org/shining-a-light-on-the-largely-untold-story-of-the-origins-of-rudolph-the-red-nosed-reindeer/ [hereinafter Bloom, "Shining a Light"]. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  3. Bloom, Nate (December 22, 2014). "All those Holiday/Christmas Songs: So Many Jewish Songwriters!". Jewish World Review. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  4. See Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler"; Wikipedia, "Ethical movement".
  5. Robert May, Dartmouth College Matriculation Form, Sept. 18, 1922, Office of Alumni Records, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H.
  6. The Probability that a Real-Estate Agent is Cheating You (and other riddles of modern life): Inside the curious mind of the heralded young economist Steven Levitt by Stephen J. Dubner, New York Times Magazine, August 3, 2003.
  7. Bloom, "Shining a Light," supra note 2.
  8. May, Nat'l Cycl. Am. Biog., supra note 1, at 218.
  9. The marriage took place in Chicago on November 29, 1928. Office of the County Clerk, Cook County, Ill.; Radcliffe College Archives, Cambridge, Mass. (record for Evelyn Heymann).
  10. Phil Angelo, "The Illinois roots of Rudolph's hooves," Daily Journal, Kankakee, Illinois (Dec. 22, 2018), https://www.daily-journal.com/news/local/the-illinois-roots-of-rudolphs-hooves/article_4393bda8-02da-11e9-8727-cfb06a6a2245.html?utm_medium=social&utm_source=email&utm_campaign=user-share [hereinafter, Angelo, "The Illinois roots"] (retrieved Jan. 2, 2021); Bloom, "Shining a Light," supra note 2.
  11. Robert Lewis May, Biographical Questionnaire, Dec. 9, 1938, Office of Alumni Records, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H.
  12. May, 61 Nat'l Cycl. Am. Biog., supra note 1, at 218.
  13. Radcliffe Alumnae Information, Evelyn Heymann, Oct. 25, 1936, Radcliffe College Archives, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Mass.; Office of Academic Records & Registration, Columbia University, N.Y. (attended New York School of Social Work, Columbia University, from Winter 1927 to Fall 1935).
  14. Robert L. May, "Robert L. May Tells How Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Came Into Being," The Gettysburg [Pa.] Times, Dec. 22, 1975, at 16 [hereinafter May, "How Rudolph Came Into Being"], "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021. See also Bob Greene, "Rudolph Almost Wasn't the Most Famous Reindeer of All," Wall Street J., Dec. 21-22, 2019, at A3.
  15. Bloom, "Shining a Light," supra note 2.
  16. Angelo, "The Illinois roots," supra note 10; Bloom, "Shining a Light," supra note 2.
  17. 1940 U.S. Census, entry for Robert May, 2734 N. Mildred Ave., City of Chicago, Ward 44, Cook County, Illinois (April 12, 1940).
  18. May, "How Rudolph Came Into Being," supra note 14. See also, How I Created Rudolph, NRTA Journal, Nov.-Dec. 1975, at 29.
  19. Patricia Shelton, "A 32-year love affair with a reindeer," Chicago Daily News, Dec. 21, 1971, at 21 (article based on interview with Robert L. May) [hereinafter, Shelton, "A 32-year love affair"].
  20. Bloom, "Shining a Light," supra note 2.
  21. Bloom, "Shining a Light," supra note 2.
  22. Bloom, "Shining a Light," supra note 2 (quoting 1948 Associated Press article). See also Angelo, "The Illinois roots," supra note 10.
  23. Evelyn was cremated at Saint Joseph Cemetery, River Grove, Illinois. "U.S., Find A Grave Index, 1600s-Current - Ancestry.com". search.ancestry.com. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  24. May, "How Rudolph Came Into Being," supra note 14.
  25. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (written for Montgomery Ward by Robert L. May (Chicago, Montgomery Ward, 1939), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/87212907. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  26. May, Nat'l Cycl. Am. Biog., supra note 1, at 218.
  27. May, Nat'l Cycl. Am. Biog., supra note 1, at 218; 1940 U.S. Census, entry for Virginia Newton, 4128 N. Eddy St., City of Chicago, Illinois, Ward 39, Cook County, Illinois (April 12, 1940) (noting Virginia had completed one year of college and was working 40 hours/week as a stenographer at a mail order house).
  28. Bloom, "Shining a Light," supra note 2.
  29. "Rudolph Makes 21st Successful Christmas Trip," Publishers' Weekly, Dec. 19, 1960, at 14-15 (Dec. 19, 1960); Bloom, "Shining a Light," supra note 2.
  30. Shelton, "A 32-year-old love affair," supra note 19.
  31. "Rudolph Makes 21st Successful Christmas Trip," Publishers' Weekly, Dec. 19, 1960, at 15.
  32. Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/47011079. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  33. Shelton, "A 32-year-old love affair," supra note 19.
  34. RCA Victor 45-rpm recording, 2 discs (45-5156, 45-5157), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2001580003. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  35. William Bentley, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Chicago Tribune Magazine, Dec. 17, 1951 [hereinafter, Bentley, "Rudolph"], reprinted at https://chicagology.com/goldenage/gol. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  36. Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/93704401 (Columbia CL 6137 (33-1/3 rpm, 12") (retrieved Jan. 2, 2021); Michelle Delgado, The Magical Animation of 'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer,' Smithsonian Magazine, Dec. 23, 1970, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/magical-animation-rudolph-red-nosed-reindeer-180973841/ [hereinafter Delgado, "Magical Animation"] (retrieved Jan. 2, 2021); Bloom, "Shining a Light," supra note 2.
  37. Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/93707036 (Columbia CS 8501, 33-1/3 rpm). Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  38. Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/92770995 (Capitol TT-2343). Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  39. Library of Congress, https://iccn.loc.gov/95761055 (RCA Victor, 33-1/3 rpm, 12"). Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  40. Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/93720733 (Decca DL 34487, 33-1/3 rpm, 12"). Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  41. Angelo, "The Illinois roots," supra note 10.
  42. Bentley, "Rudolph," supra note 35.
  43. James H. Barnett, The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture 108-109 (Macmillan Co., N.Y., 1954), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/54012566. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  44. The top federal income rate for married couples filing jointly was 91% in 1949-1951 and 1954-1963, and 92% in 1952-1953; the highest "effective rate" for these years was between 87% and 88%. See www.milefoot.com/math/businessmath/taxes/fit.htm (retrieved Jan. 21, 2021). For corporate entities in the 1950s, income over $25,000 was taxed at 42% or 52%, with an excess profits tax in the early 1950s that took the top rate to 72 percent, with a top "effective rate" of 62%. See Schroeder Boulton, The Excess Profits Tax of 1950, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467886?seq=1;Excess profits tax - Wikipedia (retrieved Jan. 21, 2021).
  45. Shelton, "A 32-year-old love affair," supra note 19; Dartmouth Alumni Magazine, April 1977, at 79-80.
  46. Rudolph's Second Christmas, as told by Paul Wing, RCA Victor - EYA 22 (vinyl, 45-rpm) (1951), https://www.discogs.com/Paul-Wing-Rudolphs-Second-Christmas/release/14960036. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  47. Robert L. May, Rudolph's Second Christmas (Applewood Books, Bedford, Ma., 1992), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/92018416. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  48. Robert L. May, Rudolph to the Rescue (Grosset & Dunlap, 2006), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2006007004. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  49. Robert L. May, Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Shines Again (Maxton Books, New York, N.Y. 1954), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/54004718). Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  50. Robert L. May, Rudolph the Red-nosed Reindeer (Simon & Schuster 1958) (adapted from original story by Barbara Shook Hazen), ISBN 0307020711, Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/91179861, https://lccn.loc.gov/64009343. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  51. James H. Barnett, The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture 113 (Macmillan Co., N.Y., 1954), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/54012566 (ISBN 9780405076718). Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  52. Robert L. May, Rensydret Rudolf med den Røde Tud (Grossman, Rube (København)) [no date of publication given but around 1950].
  53. Robert L. May, Le Petit Renne au Nez Rouge (Agence Française de Presse, 1952); Robert L. May, Le Petit Renne au Nez Rouge (Les Éditions des Deux Coqs d'Or, Paris, 1972, 1975).
  54. https://dc.fandom.com/wiki/Category:Rudolph-(Earth-Twelve)/appearances; Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (National Comics Pubs., New York, N.Y.) (1950-1962); Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/sf96091223, https://lccn.loc.gov/sf96091224. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  55. "Library of Congress Unveils 'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer' Restoration," https://www.awn.com/news/library-congress-unveils-rudolph-red-nosed-reindeer-restoration (retrieved Jan. 2, 2021); May, 61 Nat'l Cycl. Am. Biog., supra note 1, at 218.
  56. Library of Congress, LCCN Permalink, https://lccn.loc.gov/96500474. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  57. Delgado, "Magical Animation," supra note 36.
  58. Rudolph's Shiny New Year (featuring Red Skelton), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2015608781 (videocassette, 53 minutes) (Betacam SP, Dec. 6, 1976). Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  59. Rudolph and Frosty, Christmas in July, Rankin/Bass Productions (1979), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/87710140. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  60. Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2002636353 (83 minutes). Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  61. William D. Crump, Happy Holidays -- Animated! A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Christmas, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa and New Year's Cartoons on Television and Film, at 260 (McFarland & Co. 2019), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/2019004344. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  62. Robert L. May, Benny the Bunny Liked Beans (A.A. Knopf 1940), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/40031950. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  63. Robert L. May, Winking Willie (Maxton Publishers, Inc., 1948), Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/48010961. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  64. Robert L. May, Sam the Scared-est Scarecrow (E.J. Brach & Sons, 1972) (written for the Brach candy company as a Halloween premium).
  65. Stamp Announcement 14-47: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Stamps, https://about.usps.com/postal-bulletin/2014/pb22400/html/info_007.htm; Rudolph all red-nosed over stamp of approval, https://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2014/pr14_058.htm. Retrieved Jan. 2, 2021.
  66. Robert Lewis May, Biographical Questionnaire, Dec. 9, 1938, Office of Alumni Records, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H.
  67. Richard Orr, "The Home Garden," Chicago Tribune, Sept. 30, 1958, at pt. 2, p. A7 (with photograph of 5-year-old daughter Martha). The tomatoes weighed as much as two pounds. "Sequel: Rudolph with Your Nose so Bright, Thanks from Bob May Every Night," People Magazine, p. 47 (Dec. __, 1975).
  68. May, Nat'l Cycl. Am. Biog., supra note 1, at 218; 4 Who's Who in the Midwest 514 (A. N. Marquis Co.,1954).
  69. Los Angeles Times, Aug. 13, 1976, at 8; Newsweek Magazine, Aug. 23, 1976, at 59; Time Magazine, Aug. 23, 1976, at 42.


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