Robert II (archbishop of Rouen)

Robert II or Robert the Dane, Archbishop of Rouen (bef. 989–1037),[lower-alpha 1] and Count of Évreux was a powerful and influential prelate, and a family member of and supporter of five dukes of Normandy.

Robert II
Archbishop of Rouen
Tenure989–1037
PredecessorHugh III
SuccessorMauger
Count of Évreux
Reignc. 989–1037
PredecessorNew creation
SuccessorRichard
Bornbef. 989
Died1037
SpouseHerlevea
IssueRichard, Count of Évreux
Ralph de Gacé
William d'Évreux
HouseHouse of Normandy
FatherRichard I, Duke of Normandy
MotherGunnor
Religionpre-schismatic Chalchedonian christendom

Life

Robert was a son of Richard I, Duke of Normandy and his second wife, Gunnor.[1] He was a younger brother of duke Richard II and uncle of duke Robert I.[1] He had been appointed Archbishop of Rouen by his father c. 989–990 and had been given the countship of Évreux at the same time.[2] Robert was well aware he was destined for the church and seemingly accepted his role as both archbishop and count willingly.[3] But he had always been involved in Norman politics and was a powerful adherent of the Norman dukes.[4] Robert had proved himself a powerful ecclesiastical ally of his father, Richard I, as well as his brother, Richard II, and at the latter's death effectively became the senior male adviser to the ducal clan.[5] But his nephew Richard III had a turbulent and short reign of just over a year and when replaced by his brother Robert I, as Duke of Normandy, the prelate Robert had a great deal of trouble restraining the new duke.[6] In 1028 he found himself besieged and then banished by his young nephew.[6] Duke Robert I then besieged Hugh d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux who, along with Archbishop Robert had apparently questioned his authority as duke.[7] From exile in France, Archbishop Robert excommunicated his nephew Duke Robert and placed Normandy under an interdict.[7]

The Archbishop and Duke finally came to terms and to facilitate the lifting of the interdict and excommunication, Duke Robert restored the Archbishop to his see, to his countship of Evereux, and returned all his properties.[8] To further illustrate his change of heart towards the church, Duke Robert restored property that he or his vassals had confiscated, and by 1034 had returned all church properties including those taken from Fécamp Abbey.[8] By 1033 Duke Robert was mounting a major campaign against his double cousin Alan III, Duke of Brittany.[9] He and Alan had been raiding back and forth but finally a peace was negotiated between them by the returned Archbishop Robert, their mutual uncle.[9]

In his last years Robert, realizing his past mistakes, began giving freely to the poor and undertook to rebuild the cathedral church at Rouen.[10] In 1035 Duke Robert had decided on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.[11] After making his illegitimate son William his heir and arranging for the archbishop to watch over and protect young William, Duke Robert set out on his pilgrimage never to return to Normandy.[11] Archbishop Robert fulfilled his promise and effectively ruled Normandy as regent for William[11] until Robert's death in 1037, which almost immediately caused an increase in lawlessness in Normandy.[12] His title of Archbishop of Rouen was succeeded by his nephew, Mauger.[13]

Orderic Vitalis relates of a richly illustrated great psalter given to Archbishop Robert by his sister Queen Emma, wife of king Æthelred.[14] In a catalog of books in the Cathedral of Rouen created during the twelfth century, a reference was found to a particular book, the Benedictionarius Roberti archiepiscopi, which was given to the church of Rouen by Archbishop Robert of Normandy.[lower-alpha 2][15] Since that time it became the property of the city of Rouen, where it is preserved (No. 27) as the Benedictional of Æthelgar, possibly for the prayers it contained at the end for the coronation of the Anglo-Saxon kings and queens.[lower-alpha 3][16]

Family

Robert married Herlevea,[1] and they had several children including the following:

Notes
  1. At that point in time the marriage of a secular Bishop was recognized, if not the usual practice. See: Douglas, William the Conqueror (1964), p. 119 n. 1
  2. Robert de Grentemesnil presented the monks of St. Evroult, as his mother’s gift, “the great psaltery illuminated with pictures,” which the choir frequently used as late as 1130 in chanting the praises of God. The psalter had been presented by Emma, wife of King Ethelred of England, to her brother, Robert archbishop of Rouen. William D’Evreux, the son of the archbishop, was Hawise’s second husband. According to Orderic, William had ‘secretly abstracted” the book from his father’s chamber and given it to Hawise, to whom he was so much attached that he sought every means of affording her pleasure. The d'Evreux family retained close ties to the cathedral of Rouen, and may have also facilitated its transfer there after 1130.
  3. A description of this benedictionarius is found in: John Gage, A description of a benedictional, or pontifical, called "Benedictionarius Roberti archi-episcopi", an illuminated manuscript of the tenth century, in the public library at Rouen; communicated as an accompaniment to St. Æthelwold's benedictional (London, 1832).
  4. As the youngest son of the archbishop, William had both religious and secular roles. The d'Evreux family maintained hereditary positions as canons and precentors at the cathedral of Rouen into the late 12th century. Gilbert d'Evreux and his sons were chaplains to the king and treasurers of Normandy in the reigns of Henry I and Stephen.
  5. Orderic stated that Hawise de Échauffour had only one daughter by her second marriage to William d'Évreux while several sources claim she had another daughter, Emma. See The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, trans. by Thomas Forester, Vol. I (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853), p. 395; Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln, II (1984), 79. While Norwich in The Normans in the South (1981) mentions a sister to Judith, he does not name her.

References
  1. Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 79
  2. David Crouch, The Normans; The History of a Dynasty (London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 21
  3. David Crouch, The Normans; The History of a Dynasty (London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 41
  4. David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), p. 119
  5. The Normans in Europe, Trans. & Ed. Elisabeth van Houts (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 22
  6. David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), p. 32
  7. François Neveux, The Normans, Trans. Howard Curtis (London: Constable & Robinson, Ltd., 2008), p. 100
  8. François Neveux, The Normans, Trans. Howard Curtis (London: Constable & Robinson, Ltd., 2008), p. 102
  9. David Crouch, The Normans; The History of a Dynasty (London & New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), p. 52
  10. Ordericus Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. II (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), p.160
  11. The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Ed. & Trans. Elizabeth M.C. Van Houts, Vol. I (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992), pp. 80-5
  12. David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), p. 164
  13. David Bates, William the Conqueror, (Yale University Press, 2016), 60.
  14. Ordericus Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. I (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853), pp. 401-2
  15. Henry James Francis. Hugh de Grentemesnil & His Family. (Leicester: Leicestershire Archeological and Historical Society. 1923-24). Volume 13: Pages 155-198.
  16. M.J.B Silvestre, Universal Palaeography: Latin writing of modern Europe, Trans. & Ed. Frederic Madden, Vol. II (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849), p. 630
  17. Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Histoire de la Maison Royale de France, et des grands officiers (Paris: Compagnie des Libraires, 1726), p. 478
  18. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066-1154; Volume III, Regesta Regis Stephani Ac Mathildis Imperatricis Ac Gaufridi et Henrici Ducum Normannorum, 1135-1154. HA Cronne and RHC Davis (editors). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1968
  19. Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: Verlag von J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 206
  20. Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. I (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853), pp. 390, 395


Preceded by
Hugh III		 Archbishop of Rouen
(989–1037)		 Succeeded by
Mauger
Preceded by
new cr.		 Count of Évreux
(c. 989–1037)		 Succeeded by
Richard
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