Riffian language

Riffian or Riffian Berber (Tarifit: Tmaziɣt‎ or Tarifiyt, Tarifect; external name: Tarifiyt; Neo-Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵜ) is a Moroccan Zenati Berber language. It is spoken natively by some 6 to 7 million Riffians of Morocco and Algeria, primarily in the Rif provinces of Al Hoceima, Nador, Driouch, Berkane and as a minority language in Tangier, Oujda, Tetouan and Larache, and in Melilla, in Spain. In addition, Riffian expatriate communities also speak the language.

Riffian
ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵜ
Tmaziɣt, Tarifiyt
Native toMorocco, Melilla (Spain), Algeria
RegionRif
EthnicityRiffians
Native speakers
6,000,000 (2016)[1]
Standard forms
Latin, Arabic (Historically)
Language codes
ISO 639-3rif
Glottologtari1263

Classification

Riffian is a Zenati Berber language[2] which consists of various sub-dialects specific to each clan and of which a majority are spoken in the Rif region, a large mountainous area of Northern Morocco, and a minority spoken in the western part of neighbouring Algeria.

Geographic distribution
Percent of Rif-Berber speakers in Morocco by census 2004 Based on data found Here

Riffian is spoken mainly in the Moroccan Rif on the Mediterranean coast and in the Rif mountains, with a large minority in the Spanish autonomous city of Melilla.[3] There are also speakers of Riffian in Morocco outside the Rif region, notably in the rest of Moroccan cities where they compose a minority. The neighbour state of Algeria is also home to Rif minorities. A Riffian-speaking community exists in the Netherlands and Belgium as well as to a lesser extent other European countries. Its own speakers simply call it "Tamazight", a term also often applied in a broader sense to the Berber language across North Africa in general.

Dialects
Distribution of Riffian dialects

Dialects include West-Riffian (Al Hoceima), Central-Riffian (Nador) and East-Riffian (Berkan).

Iznasen (Iznacen, Beni Snassen) is counted as a dialect in Kossman (1999), but Blench (2006) classifies it as one of the closely related Mzab–Wargla languages.

Morocco

There is a large amount of dialectal variation in Riffian Berber; this can easily be seen using the dialect Atlas (Lafkioui, 1997), however Riffian compose a single language with its own phonetical innovations distinct from other Berber languages. Majority of them are spoken in Northern Morocco, this includes the varieties of Al Hoceima, Temsamane, Nador, Ikbadene (including Iznasen) and the more southernly variety in the Taza province. Besides Riffian, two other unrelated and smaller Berber languages are spoken in North Morocco : the Sanhaja de Srair and the Ghomara languages.

Algeria
Linguistic map of western Algeria showing Berber-speaking areas, including Riffian cluster of Bettioua, Marsa Ben-Mhidi, Aït Snous and Aït Bousaïd

A few Riffian dialects are or used to be in the western part of Algeria, notably by the Beni Snouss tribe of the Tlemcen, as well in Bethioua but also in various colonial districts Riffians started to emigrate to since the 19th century.

Sounds

Vowels
Front Central Back
High i u
Low a
  • A mid-central vowel /ə/ can occur in lax positions.
  • Lax allophones of /i, a, u/ are heard as [ɪ, æ, ʊ].

Consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Palato-
alveolar		 Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain phar. plain phar.
Plosive voiceless p t tˤ (tʃ) k q ʔ
voiced b d dˤ
Fricative voiceless f θ s sˤ ʃ x ħ h
voiced ð ðˤ z zˤ ʒ ɣ ʕ
Nasal m n
Lateral l
Flap ɾ ɾˤ
Approximant w j

Riffian's most noticeable differences from other Berber dialects are that:

  • /l/ in other dialects corresponds to ⟨ř⟩ (/r/) in Riffian (example: ul (heart) → uř )
    • /ll/ (geminate /lː/) in other dialects corresponds to ⟨ǧǧ⟩ (/dː͡ʒ/) in Riffian (example: yelli (my daughter) → yeǧǧi ).
    • /lt/ in other dialects corresponds to ⟨č⟩ (//t͡ʃ//) in Riffian (example: weltma (my sister) → wečma).

These variations do not occur in the Riffian dialects of Ikebdanen and Iznasen.

Riffian letterRiffian wordThe word in other Berber dialectsmeaning in English
Ř řuřulheart
aɣyuřaɣyuldonkey
awařawalspeech / talk
Ǧ ǧazeǧǧif / azedjifazellifhead
yeǧǧa / yedjayella(he) is / (he) exists
ajeǧǧid / Ajedjidajellidking
Č čwečmaweltmamy sister
tacemřačtacemlaltblonde / white
taɣyučtaɣyultfemale donkey (jenny)
  • postvocalic /r/ preceding a consonantal coda is dropped, as in taddart (house/home) → taddaat. Thus in tamara the /r/ is conserved because it precedes a vowel.
  • Additionally, the initial masculine a- prefix is dropped in certain words, e.g., afus (hand) becomes fus, and afighar (snake) becomes fighar. This change, characteristic of Zenati Berber varieties, further distances Riffian from neighbouring dialects such as Atlas-Tamazight and Shilha.
    • "Tarifit" or "Tarifiyt" is by some tribes pronounced as "Tarifect" (pronounced [θærifəʃt]).

Writing system

Like other Berber languages, Riffian has been written with several different systems over the years. Most recently (since 2003), Tifinagh has become official throughout Morocco. The Arabic script is not used anymore for writing Riffian Berber. The Berber Latin alphabet continues to be used unofficially online and in most publications in Morocco and abroad. However, unlike the nearby Tashelhit (Shilha), Riffian Berber has little written literature before the twentieth century.

References
  1. Minahan, James (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition
  2. Riffian language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  3. "CpM moción regular Tamazight Melilla tomando ejemplo Bable Asturias". 2010-04-14. Archived from the original on 2010-04-14. Retrieved 2017-03-07.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

Sources
  • Biarnay, Samuel. 1911. Etude sur le dialecte des Bet't'ioua du Vieil-Arzeu. Alger: Carbonel.
  • Biarnay, Samuel. 1917. Etude sur les dialectes berbères du Rif. Paris: Leroux.
  • Cadi, Kaddour. 1987. Système verbal rifain. Forme et sens. Paris: Peeters.
  • Colin, Georges Séraphin. 1929. "Le parler berbère des Gmara." Hespéris 9: 43-58.
  • Kossmann, Maarten. 2000. Esquisse grammaticale du rifain oriental. Paris: Peeters.
  • Lafkioui, Mena. 2007. Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
  • McClelland, Clive. 1996. Interrelations of prosody, clause structure and discourse pragmatics in Tarifit Berber. University of Texas at Arlington.
  • McClelland, Clive. The Interrelations of Syntax, Narrative Structure, and Prosody in a Berber Language (Studies in Linguistics and Semiotics, V. 8). Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000. (ISBN 0-7734-7740-3)
  • Mourigh, K., & Kossmann, M. 2020. An introduction to Tarifiyt Berber (Nador, Morocco) (Lehrbücher orientalischer Sprachen ; volume IV/1). (ISBN 9783868353075)
  • Renisio, A. 1932. Etude sur les dialectes berbères des Beni Iznassen, du Rif et des Senhaja de Sraïr. Paris: Leroux.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.