Ride of the Valkyries

The "Ride of the Valkyries" (German: Walkürenritt or Ritt der Walküren) refers to the beginning of act 3 of Die Walküre, the second of the four operas constituting Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen.

For other uses, see Ride of the Valkyries (disambiguation).
Arthur Rackham's illustration to The Ride of the Valkyries

As a separate piece, the "Ride" is often heard in a purely instrumental version, which may be as short as three minutes. Together with the "Bridal Chorus" from Lohengrin, the "Ride of the Valkyries" is one of Wagner's best-known pieces.

Context
See also: Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the music § Die Walküre, and Die Walküre § Act 3

The main theme of the "Ride", the leitmotif labelled Walkürenritt, was first written down by the composer on 23 July 1851. The preliminary draft for the "Ride" was composed in 1854 as part of the composition of the entire opera, which was fully orchestrated by the end of March 1856.[1]

In the Walküre opera, the "Ride", which takes around eight minutes, begins in the prelude to the third act, building up successive layers of accompaniment until the curtain rises to reveal a mountain peak where four of the eight Valkyrie sisters of Brünnhilde have gathered in preparation for the transportation of fallen heroes to Valhalla. As they are joined by the other four, the familiar tune is carried by the orchestra, while, above it, the Valkyries greet each other and sing their battle-cry. Apart from the song of the Rhinemaidens in Das Rheingold, it is the only ensemble piece in the first three operas of Wagner's Ring cycle.

Performance history
See also: Der Ring des Nibelungen § Performances

The complete opera Die Walküre was first performed on 26 June 1870 in the National Theatre Munich against the composer's intent. By January of the next year, Wagner was receiving requests for the "Ride" to be performed separately, but wrote that such a performance should be considered "an utter indiscretion" and forbade "any such thing".[2] However, the piece was still printed and sold in Leipzig, and Wagner wrote a complaint to the publisher Schott.[3] In the period up to the first performance of the complete Ring cycle, Wagner continued to receive requests for separate performances, his second wife Cosima noting "Unsavoury letters arrive for R. – requests for the Ride of the Valkyries and I don't know what else."[4] Once the Ring had been performed in Bayreuth in 1876, Wagner lifted the embargo. He himself conducted it in London on 12 May 1877, repeating it as an encore.[5]

Outside opera
See also: List of films using the music of Richard Wagner
Ride of the Valkyries, Cesare Viazzi

Uses in film include the original score for The Birth of a Nation (1915),[6] and What's Opera, Doc? (1957).[7]

The "Ride" features in Apocalypse Now (1979),[8] where the 1/9 Air Cavalry squadron plays it on helicopter-mounted loudspeakers during their assault on a Viet Cong-controlled village as psychological warfare and to motivate their own troops.[9]

References

Notes
  1. Keller, James. "Wagner: Wotan's Farewell and Magic Fire Music, from Die Walküre". San Francisco Symphony. Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-04.
  2. Wagner 1978, Entry for Wednesday, 25 January 1871.
  3. Wagner 1978, Entry for Tuesday, March 28, 1871.
  4. Wagner 1978, Entry for Wednesday, 25 December 1872.
  5. Wagner 1978, Entry for Saturday, 12 May 1877.
  6. Matthew Wilson Smith (April 2008). "American Valkyries: Richard Wagner, D. W. Griffith, and the Birth of Classical Cinema". Modernism/modernity. 15 (2): 221–242. doi:10.1353/mod.2008.0040. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  7. "The Piano Parlour". Thepianoparlour.squarespace.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
  8. "Wagner – Ride of the Valkyries (Apocalypse Now)" in Best Film Classics (6 CD Box). Brilliant Classics No. 94131. CD 5, track 10.
  9. Coates, Gordon (October 17, 2008). "Coppola's slow boat on the Nung". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-10-17.

Sources
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