Redmouth grouper

The redmouth grouper (Aethaloperca rogaa), also known as the red-flushed rock cod is a species of ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It has a wide distribution in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is considered a game fish.

Redmouth grouper
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Serranidae
Subfamily: Epinephelinae
Tribe: Epinephelini
Genus: Aethaloperca
Fowler, 1904
Species:
A. rogaa
Binomial name
Aethaloperca rogaa
(Forsskål, 1775)
Synonyms[2]
  • Perca rogaa Forsskål, 1775
  • Cephalopholis rogaa (Forsskål, 1775)
  • Perca lunaria Forsskål, 1775
juveniles

Description

The redmouth grouper is laterally compress and oval shaped[3] with a relatively deep body which is around half of the standard length and a large head.[4] The dorsal profile of the head is straight or slightly concave while the anterior dorsal profile between the eye and the origin of the dorsal fin is convex. It jaw extends past its eye.[3] The dorsal fin has 9 spines and 17-18 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8-9 soft rays.[2] The middle soft rays of the dorsal and anal finsare elongated in the adults which results in them having an angular profile. They have a caudal fin is truncate and asymmetrical pectoral fins are asymmetrical. The pelvic fins extend beyond the anus. The colour is dark brown to black sometimes tinged with orange and a pale vertical bar on the lower flank. The rear part of the spiny portion of the dorsal fin varies in colour from dark orange to brownish red. The oral cavity, gill cavity, and upper jaw membranes are reddish to orange, thus the common name. The juveniles have a wide white rear margin to the caudal fin and a thin white margin along the soft-rayed potion of the dorsal fin.[3] The maximum total length is 60 centimetres (24 in)[2]

Distribution

The redmouth grouper has an Indo-West Pacific distribution which extends from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf south along the East African court to South Africa, east to the Phoenix Islands in Kiribati, and north to southern Honshu, Japan.[1] In Australia it has been recorded from Rowley Shoals and the Kimberley region in Western Australia, Ashmore Reef, the Timor Sea, and the northern Great Barrier Reef as far south as Wheeler Reef in Queensland. This species is likely found around all the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean, although it has not been reported from Mauritius yet. It has been recorded from Europa Island in the Mozambique Channel.[1]

Biology and Habitat

The redmouth grouper is a tropical fish which occurs in coastal reefs and lagoons, it has been recorded over silt substrates as well as in and around caves and crevices in reefs. It has a depth range of 1 to 60 metres (3.3 to 196.9 ft).[3] The small juvelines mimic angelfish of the genus Centropyge.[4] This is a predatory species which mainly feeds on small fishes, including Pempheris spp., but also on stomatopods and crustaceans. The redmouth grouper spawns throughout the year and attains sexual maturity at around 35 centimetres (14 in) in standard length, although they have not been reported to form spawning aggregations.[1]

Uses

The redmouth grouper is probably caught by line and spear fisheries throughout its range, although it is not a target species and is normally considered to be of low value. It has been recorded being taken by line fisheries in the Solomon Islands, Micronesia, the Maldives, India and Australia. It is rarely sold in markets, although it has been stated that it is an important component of the fresh-chilled grouper fishery in the Maldives.[1]

Taxonomy

The red mouth grouper was first formally described by the Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål (1732-1763) as Perca rogaa with the type locality given as Jeddah. The description was published by Carsten Niebuhr in 1775 from filed notes edited by Johann Christian Fabricius and so the name is sometimes written as Perca rogga Fabricius (ex Forsskål) in Niebuhr 1775.[5][6] Some authoritied place the redmouth grouper as the only species in the monospecific genus Aethaloperca which was created in 1904 by the American ichthyologist Henry Weed Fowler as a sungenus of Bodianus.[7] Recent molecular analyses challenge the placement of this species in the genus Aethaloperca. In a study based on five different genes, it was included in the Cephalopholis clade, thus suggesting that the species should be included in the genus Cephalopholis and referred to as Cephalopholis rogaa.[8]

References
  1. Rhodes, K.; Choat, J.H.; Myers, R.; et al. (2018). "Aethaloperca rogaa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T132814A46630792. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T132814A46630792.en. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  2. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Aethaloperca rogaa" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. Cathy bester. "Redmouth grouper". Discover Fishes. Florida Museum. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  4. Bray, D.J. (2018). "Aethaloperca rogaa". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 8 Jun 2020.
  5. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Perca rogaa". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  6. Ronald Fricke (2008). "Authorship, availability and validity of fish names described by Peter (Pehr) Simon Forsskål and Johann Christian Fabricius in the 'Descriptiones animalium' by Carsten Niebuhr in 1775 (Pisces)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie. 1: 1–76. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.726.6094.
  7. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Aethaloperca". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  8. Schoelinck, C.; Hinsinger, D. D.; Dettaï, A.; Cruaud, C. & Justine, J.-L. (2014). "A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning". PLOS ONE. 9 (e98198): e98198. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098198. PMC 4122351. PMID 25093850.
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