Ratha Kanneer

Ratha Kanneer (transl. Blood Tears)[5] is a 1954 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by R. Krishnan and S. Panju. The screenplay was written by Tiruvarur K. Thangaraj, and the film features M. R. Radha in the lead role. The film was produced by Perumal Mudaliar of National Pictures. The story revolves around Mohanasundaram, a returned-from-abroad, westernised, rich man who shows arrogance and contempt towards anything part of Indian culture and anyone below his social standards.

Ratha Kanneer
Directed byKrishnan–Panju
Produced byPerumal Mudaliyar
Written byTiruvarur K. Thangaraj
Story byTiruvarur K. Thangaraj
Starring
Music by
(Background Score)
CinematographyR. R. Chandran
Edited byS. Panjabi
Production
company
National Pictures
Distributed byNational Pictures
Release date
15 October 1954
or 25 October 1954
or 6 November 1954[lower-alpha 1]
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil

Ratha Kanneer is an important film for the Dravidian Movement. It was written by Thiruvarur Thangarasu who was part of the Movement himself. In the film, the protagonist’s voice is actually Periyar’s. He mocks at the values set by society, marriage, the thaali, the Government, a practitioner of Jeevakarunyam (a belief which is against violence of any kind)...no one is left out.

The film was an adaptation of stage play of same name which also starred MR Radha. The film was released in late 1954 and it became a greatest hit in M. R. Radha's career. It was later remade as Raktha Kanneeru in 2003 in Kannada with Upendra and Ramya Krishna in the lead roles.

Plot

The film starts with Balu (S. S. Rajendran) giving a speech and narrating the story before an audience gathered around a man's statue.

Mohanasundaram (M. R. Radha) is a philanderer, chain-smoker and drunkard. He does not respect elders, or people below his social standards. He is ruthless and even beats his own mother (S. R. Janaki). Immediately after his return to India, he is married to Chandra (Sriranjani), a cultured, well-mannered, conservative Indian village girl. But he develops an affair with Kantha (M. N. Rajam), a prostitute. His best friend Balu tries to advise him and mend his ways but Mohan turns a deaf ear. Mohan even failed to attend his own mother's post-death formalities as he wanted to attend the birthday function of Kantha's mother. Mohan loses his mind over Kantha, even surrenders all his riches to her and also loses every loved one in his life. When he lost the last of his riches and close ones, he gets struck down by leprosy. His life then turns upside down. With no money left for the treatment of his disease, he is totally ignored and despised by Kantha and her associates. She even locks him up in a room and treats him like an untouchable. In a few days, Kantha throws him out of her house and Mohan loses his eyesight soon after. As a poor leper, he wanders the streets to beg for food. In this last stage of his life, he learns the value of life itself and how to respect others. He feels remorseful for the way he treated his wife, mother and everyone else around him. He meets Chandra, his wife, who now lives a scarce life. Both do not recognize each other, as he is blind and she gets to see only his disfigured, leprosy-stricken face. He also meets his old best friend, Balu. The trio finally recognize each other. Mohan also learns through Balu about Kantha's death in an air crash. Mohan marries Chandra to Balu, in the hope that Chandra can now only be loved and cared for by a better man than Mohan himself. He also speaks his parting words and requests a leper's statue to be risen in his likeness, as a threatening example to philanderers like himself.

In the final scene, Balu finishes his narration in front of Mohan's statue (as seen in the beginning) and breaks into a song about righteousness and values of life.

Cast
Cast in order of the opening credits
Dance

Production

Ratha Kanneer was a stage play written by Thiruvarur K. Thangarasu, a disciple of Periyar and contemporary of Mu. Karunanidhi.[6] M. R. Radha portrayed the main character of a philanderer in the play. Radha's play was a roaring success wherever it was staged, elevating him to an iconic status in the field of theatre. The play was staged not only in South India but also in places like Malaya (now Singapore and Malaysia), Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) where it met with equal success.[7] Director duo Krishnan–Panju decided to adapt the play into a full-fledged feature film with Radha reprising his character. The film adaptation, also titled Ratha Kanneer, was produced by Perumal Mudaliar under National Pictures.[1]

The film marked the comeback of M. R. Radha to cinema after a long absence;[8] he was paid ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹81 lakh or US$110,000 in 2019) as the remuneration for the film.[9] M. N. Rajam was selected to portray the vamp Kantha.[10] For the character, Rajam had to put weight.[11] Rajam recalled none of the actresses were willing to portray the negative character, she agreed to play after she was approached by Krishnan-Panju. Rajam said she was hesitant to enact the scene where she had to kick Radha down from the staircase, she later relented after being requested by Krishnan.[12] The final length of the film was 15,895 feet (4,845 m).[1]

Themes and influences

The story revolves around Mohanasundaram, a returned-from-abroad, westernized, rich man who shows arrogance and contempt towards anything part of Indian culture and anyone below his social standards. According to Selvaraj Velayutham, Ratha Kanneer was built on a framework of purity and impurity. The title of the film meaning "Tears of Blood" refers to the tears of the wife who is pure.[13] In Marja Evelyn Mogk's edited volume Different Bodies:Essays on Disability in Film and Television, Joyojeet Pal wrote that the film pairs "western debauchery with consequent traditional punitive reprisal in form of physical disfigurement" and also noted that the storyline of the film mirrors resemblance to Samba, son of Lord Krishna.[14] Researcher and ethnographer Preeti Mudliar compared Andha Naal (1954) to Ratha Kanneer because in both films, "the sin of foreignness is [neutralised] by a chaste Tamil woman, the virtuous wife".[15]

Soundtrack

Soundtrack was composed by C. S. Jayaraman while the background music by Viswanathan-Ramamoorthy.[16] Lyrics were written by Mahakavi Bharathiyaar, Bharathidasan, Udumalai Narayana Kavi and Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthy. Playback singers are C. S. Jayaraman, M. L. Vasanthakumari, T. V. Rathinam & T. S. Bagavathi.

The soundtrack was released under the label Saregama.[17] The songs "Kutram Purindhavan" and "Aalai Aalai" attained popularity.[7]

No.SongSingersLyricsLength (m:ss)
1"Aalai Aaalai Paarkirrai"T. V. RathinamUdumalai Narayana Kavi02:59
2"Kutram Purindhavan Vaazhkaiyil Nimmadhi"C. S. JayaramanKu. Sa. Krishnamurthy03:44
3"Kadhavai Saathadi"M. L. Vasanthakumari03:54
4"Maalai Itta Mannan Yaaro"T. V. RathinamUdumalai Narayana Kavi02:59
5"Tatti Parithaar En Vaazhvai"T. S. Bagavathi03:23
6"Manidhar Vaazhvile Manam Adhu Pole"A. P. Komala03:12
7"Vaalavayathaagi Azhagaagi Madhanaagi"C. S. Jayaraman03:04
8"Pengale Ulaga Kangale"T. S. Bagavathi03:11
9"Aalaiyin Sangge Nee Oothaayo"M. L. VasanthakumariBharathidasan03:28
10"Thannai Arindhu"C. S. Jayaraman03:18

Adaptations and remakes

The play inspired an adaptation in Telugu by the Telugu film star C. Nagabhushanam, and later the Tamil film was dubbed into Telugu.[7] After MR Radha's death, his eldest son, M.R.R. Vasu, played the protagonist in the play till his death, and at present donning the character is Radha Ravi.[18] Kannada actor Upendra who saw the film and adapted the film in Kannada for the current trend, he appeared in a lead role. The remake titled Raktha Kanneeru was directed by Sadhu Kokila. The film was released in 2003 and became successful venture.[19]

Legacy

After the success of the film, Radha became a much sought-after artiste in Tamil cinema. In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu asked eight Tamil film directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; J. Mahendran and Balu Mahendra named Rathakanneer as one of the favourite films in Tamil. Mahendran said: "Ratha Kaneer, has progressive ideas and great acting by M.R.Radha".[20] Actor Sivakumar stated that "You can’t reproduce movies like Parasakthi, Pasamalar, Devadas, Veerapandiya Kattabomman or Ratha Kanneer [...] By remaking such films, you are lowering yourself, while it enhances the original artists’ image."[21] In September 2014, Vijay Sethupathi, in an interview with Sudhir Srinivasan of The Hindu, listed Ratha Kanneer among his favourite films alongside Thillana Mohanambal (1968), Puthiya Paravai (1964) and Rajapart Rangadurai (1973).[22] Lyricist Vairamuthu listed Rathakanneer among his favourite films.[23] In November 2008, Srikanth listed it among favourite films.[24]

Notes
  1. While Film News Anandan's book Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru gives the film's release date as 25 October 1954,[1] and Sri Lankan historian Sachi Sri Kantha says 15 October 1954 ,[2]Dinamalar stated that it was released on 6 November 1954, which it called that year's Diwali day.[3] However, Diwali in 1954 actually happened on 26 October 1954.[4]

References
  1. Film News Anandan (2004). Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru [Tamil film history and its achievements] (in Tamil). Chennai: Sivagami Publishers. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018.
  2. http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-22/
  3. "எம்.ஆர்.ராதா - கலகக்காரனின் கதை! (13)" (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  4. "Kali Puja / Deepavali / Diwali Date List from 1950 to 1969". World-TimeDate.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  5. Kannan 2010, p. 421.
  6. "Thiruvarur Thangarasu passes away". The Hindu. 6 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015.
  7. "Rattha Kanneer 1954". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  8. "தமிழ் திரைப்பட நடிகர் எம்.ஆர்.ராதா பிறந்த தினம் - பிப்.21, 1907" [Tamil film actor M. R. Radha's birthday: 21 February 1907]. Maalai Malar (in Tamil). 21 February 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  9. சரித்திரன் (6 April 2015). "இன்று அன்று | 1927 ஏப்ரல் 6: ரத்தக்கண்ணீர் படைப்பாளியின் பிறந்த தினம்". Hindu Tamil Thisai. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  10. "MGR Remembered – Part 33". Ilankai Tamil Sangam. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  11. "In rewind node". The Hindu. 6 May 2011. Archived from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  12. "Contented with her lot". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  13. Velayutham 2008, p. 19.
  14. Mogk 2013, p. 111.
  15. Mudliar, Preeti (2015). "Watching from an Arm's Length: The Foreign Hand in Tamil Cinema" (PDF). Communication, Culture & Critique. pp. 9–10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2016.
  16. https://www.snapdeal.com/product/rattha-kanneer-story-dialogues-tamil/546281
  17. "Ratha Kanneer". Saregama. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  18. MRN. "The R factor". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  19. "Star Interviews: Upendra - Interview". Telugucinema.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  20. "Filmmakers' favourites". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  21. N. Anand (3 January 2008). "Sivakumar not for old wine in new bottle". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  22. sudhir srinivasan. "He's hot and happening". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  23. "Word power". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  24. "Ready to bloom?". The Hindu. Retrieved 11 September 2015.


Bibliography
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