Pyropia
Pyropia is a genus of red alga [seaweed] in the family Bangiaceae. It is found around the world in intertidal zones and shallow water. The genus has folding frond-like blades which are either red, brown or green. Some Pyropia species are used to create nori, and are thus important subjects for aquaculture.
| Pyropia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Pyropia yezoensis | |
Scientific classification  | |
| (unranked): | Archaeplastida |
| Division: | Rhodophyta |
| Class: | Bangiophyceae |
| Order: | Bangiales |
| Family: | Bangiaceae |
| Genus: | Pyropia J.Agardh 1899[1] |
| Type species | |
| Pyropia californica J.Agardh[2] | |
| Species[2] | |
|
see text | |
Taxonomy
Pyropia was originally erected by Jacob Georg Agardh, a botanist and professor at Lund University. Before this, and sometimes after, many species of Pyropia were placed in Porphyra, a different genus of red alga. New species of Pyropia are still being discovered, for example in 2013 research done on New Zealand plants was able to move Pyropia plicata from Porphyra.[3]
Description
Pyropia species are red algae with a discoid holdfast and short stipe. They have folded blades, which are membranous and monostromatic, coming in red, brown, and dark green colorations. These folded blades may also look like fronds until unfolded. These blades reach up to one meter in length in some species, but are generally around 20 centimeters in diameter.
Distribution
Pyropia grows in intertidal zones and down to 10 meters in some bodies of water based on clarity and substrate.[4] It grows in large swaths, attaching itself to stones and shells, covering most of the bottom. Pyropia can be found globally in warm-temperate and extratropical [cool] waters.
Ecology
Pyropia species, which reside in the upper intertidal zone, endure many stresses, including intense direct light, temperature fluctuation, osmotic stress, salinity fluctuation, and desiccation. They are especially able to handle heat stress; some Pyropia species will halt metabolic systems that are not essential to homeostasis, such as photosynthesis.[5] Other species will use increased lipid production to fight desiccation.[4] The ability of Pyropia species to adapt to deal with these stresses makes them heavily studied organisms.
One of the threats to Pyropia is fungal infections by Alternaria sp. ZL-1, which has been observed in farming environments on Pyropia yezoensis [6]. The fungus kills Pyropia cells and leaves brown rust-like spots on the outside of the blades.
Use
Within the genus Pyropia multiple species are used for nori (edible seaweed), Pyropia yezoensis and P. haitanensis being most popular.[7] It is a two-billion-dollar industry with most major growers located in China, Korea, and Japan.
Nori contains substantial amounts of Vitamin B12 according to a 2014 paper.[8] However, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics considers this source unreliable for vegans.[9]
Species
- P. abbottiae (V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. acanthophora var. robusta M.G.Kavale, M.A.Kazi & N.Sreenadhan
- P. acanthophora (E.C.Oliveira & Coll) M.C.Oliveira, D.Milstein & E.C.Oliveira
- P. aeodis (N.J.Griffin, J.J.Bolton & R.J.Anderson) J.E.Sutherland
- P. bajacaliforniensis Aguilar Rosas & Hughey
- P. brumalis (Mumford) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. cinnamomea (W.A.Nelson) W.A.Nelson
- P. collinsii Neefus, T.Bray & A.C.Mathieson
- P. columbiensis S.C.Lindstrom
- P. columbina (Montagne) W.A.Nelson
- P. conwayae (S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. crassa (Ueda) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
- P. dentata (Kjellman) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
- P. denticulata (Levring) J.A.Philips & J.E.Sutherland
- P. drachii (Feldmann) J.Brodie
- P. elongata (Kylin) Neefus & J.Brodie
- P. endiviifolia (A.Gepp & E.Gepp) H.G.Choi & M.S.Hwang
- P. fallax (S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. francisii W.A.Nelson & R.D'Archino
- P. fucicola (V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. gardneri (G.M.Smith & Hollenberg) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. haitanensis (T.J.Chang & B.F.Zheng) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
- P. hiberna (S.C.Lindstrom & K.M.Cole) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. hollenbergii (E.Y.Dawson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar Rosas & R.Aguilar Rosas
- P. ishigecola (A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
- P. kanakaensis (Mumford) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. katadae (A.Miura) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi, N.Kikuch & M.Miyata
- P. kinositae (Yamada & Tak. Tanaka) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi
- P. koreana (M.S.Hwang & I.K.Lee) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi Y.S.Oh & I.K.Lee
- P. kuniedae (Kurogi) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi
- P. kurogii (S.C.Lindstrom) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. lacerata (A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
- P. lanceolata (Setchell & Hus) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. leucosticta (Thuret) Neefus & J.Brodie
- P. montereyensis S.C.Lindstrom & Hughey
- P. moriensis (Ohmi) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
- P. nereocystis (C.L.Anderson) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. nitida L.K.Harden, K.M.Morales & Hughey
- P. njordii Mols-Mortensen, J.Brodie & Neefus
- P. novae-angliae T.Bray, Neefus & A.C.Mathieson
- P. onoi (Ueda) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
- P. orbicularis M.E.Ramírez, L.Contreras Porcia & M.-L.Guillemin
- P. parva A.Vergés & N.Sánchez
- P. peggicovensis H.Kucera & G.W.Saunders
- P. pendula (E.Y.Daywson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar-Rosas & R.Aguilar-Rosas
- P. perforata (J.Agardh) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. plicata W.A.Nelson
- P. protolanceolata S.C.Lindstrom & J.R.Hughey
- P. pseudolanceolata (V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. pseudolinearis (Ueda) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi
- P. pulchella (Ackland, J.A.West, J.L.Scott & Zuccarello) T.J.Farr & J.E.Sutherland
- P. pulchra (Hollenberg) S.C.Lindstrom & Hughey
- P. rakiura (W.A.Nelson) W.A.Nelson
- P. raulaguilarii Mateo-Cid, Mendoza-González & Sentíes
- P. saldanhae (Stegenga, J.J.Bolton & R.J.Anderson) J.E.Sutherland
- P. seriata (Kjellman) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
- P. spathulata T.Bray, Neefus & A.C.Mathieson
- P. spiralis var. amplifolia (E.C.Oliveira & Coll) Freshwater & Kapraun
- P. spiralis (E.C.Oliveira & Coll) M.C.Oliveira, D.Milstein & E.C.Oliveira
- P. stamfordensis C.Neefus, T.Bray & A.C.Mathieson
- P. suborbiculata (Kjellman) J.E.Sutherland, H.G.Choi, M.S. Hwang & W.A.Nelson
- P. tanegashimensis (Shinmura) N.Kikuchi & E. Fujiyoshi
- P. tenera (Kjellman) N.Kikuchi, M.Miyata, M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi
- P. tenera var. tamatsuensis (A.Miura) N.Kikuchi, Niwa & Nakada
- P. tenuipedalis (A.Miura) N.Kikuchi & M.Miyata
- P. thulaea (Munda & P.M.Pedersen) Neefus
- P. thuretii (Setchell & E.Y.Dawson) J.E.Sutherland, L.E.Aguilar Rosas & R. Aguilar Rosas
- P. torta (V.Krishnamurthy) S.C.Lindstrom
- P. unabbottiae S.C.Lindstrom
- P. vietnamensis (Tak.Tanaka & Pham-Hoàng Ho) J.E.Sutherland & Monotilla
- P. virididentata (W.A.Nelson) W.A.Nelson
- P. yezoensis f. narawaensis N.Kikuchi, Niwa & Nakada
- P. yezoensis (Ueda) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi
Gallery
References
- Agardh, J.G. (1899). Analecta algologica, Continuatio V. Lunds Universitets Års-Skrift, Andra Afdelningen, Kongl. Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund Handlingar 35(4): 1-160, 3 pls.
- M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2017. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=Na8c54bc5b1ee2bda&- searched on 15 September 2017.
- Nelson, Wendy A. (2013-03-22). "Pyropia plicata sp. nov. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta): naming a common intertidal alga from New Zealand". PhytoKeys. 21 (21): 17–28. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.21.4614. ISSN 1314-2011. PMC 3689116. PMID 23794933.
- Qian, Feijian; Luo, Qijun; Yang, Rui; Zhu, Zhujun; Chen, Haimin; Yan, Xiaojun (February 2015). "The littoral red alga Pyropia haitanensis uses rapid accumulation of floridoside as the desiccation acclimation strategy". Journal of Applied Phycology. 27 (1): 621–632. doi:10.1007/s10811-014-0336-0. ISSN 0921-8971.
- Xu, Yan; Chen, Changsheng; Ji, Dehua; Hang, Nan; Xie, Chaotian (February 2014). "Proteomic profile analysis of Pyropia haitanensis in response to high-temperature stress". Journal of Applied Phycology. 26 (1): 607–618. doi:10.1007/s10811-013-0066-8. ISSN 0921-8971.
- Mo1 Li2 Kong3 Tang4 Mao5, Zhaolan1 Shufan2 Fanna3 Xianghai4 Yunxiang5. "Characterization of a novel fungal disease that infects the gametophyte of Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)". researchgate.net.
- Xie, Chaotian; Li, Bing; Xu, Yan; Ji, Dehua; Chen, Changsheng (2013-02-16). "Characterization of the global transcriptome for Pyropia haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) and development of cSSR markers". BMC Genomics. 14: 107. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-107. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 3626662. PMID 23414227.
- Watanabe, Fumio; Yabuta, Yukinori; Bito, Tomohiro; Teng, Fei (2014-05-05). "Vitamin B12-Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians". Nutrients. 6 (5): 1861–1873. doi:10.3390/nu6051861. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 4042564. PMID 24803097.
- Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (2016). "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets". J Acad Nutr Diet. 116 (12): 1970–1980. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025. PMID 27886704.
Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.
