Public buses of Singapore

Public buses forms a significant part of public transport in Singapore, with over 4.0 million rides taken per day on average as of 2018.[2] There are more than 370 scheduled bus services, operated by SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore. The newest bus operator, Go-Ahead Singapore started operation on 4 September 2016.[3] There are also around 5,800 buses currently in operation.

Public buses of Singapore
SBS Transit Wright Eclipse Gemini II-bodied Volvo B9TL on Service 70M, painted in the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) Lush Green livery
LocaleSingapore
Service typeTransit bus
Stops4,684 (2014)[1]
Hubs26 Bus Interchanges
Depots12
Fleetapproximately 5,100 (2020)
Daily ridership4.0 million (2018)

History
See also: Trams in Singapore and Trolleybuses in Singapore

Early history
A trolleybus in 1930s Singapore

Buses were first introduced into Singapore when the Singapore Traction Company (STC) was established under the Singapore Traction Company Ordinance of 1925 to replace the ill-fated electric tramway with a trolleybus system. The first trolleybuses began operations on 14 August 1926 between Joo Chiat Road and Tanjong Pagar whereas trams were phased out by 1927, with 66 trolleybuses plying on six routes with a mileage of 15” by 30 September that year. The STC later phased in motorbuses in 1929 when seven Dennis G-type buses began plying between Geylang and Finlayson Green before being transferred to serve Seletar.[4]

However, the STC faced heavy competition from “mosquito-buses”, a form of informal paratransit operated using privately owned modified Ford Model T vehicles. Reckless driving of such “mosquito-buses” led to the government imposing heavy regulation on them, including having to stop at fixed stops (1923) and speed limits (1927).[5] By 1935, “mosquito-buses” were replaced with more formalised bus services with the former “mosquito-bus” owners establishing what came to be known as the Chinese bus companies; these Chinese-operated buses connected the rural parts of Singapore to the town as opposed to the inner town services of the STC.[4]

During the Japanese Occupation during the Second World War, all bus operations were briefly unified under the Syonan-si den (昭南市電), fuel shortages then led to some buses being charcoal-powered.

1950s-1960s: Post-war recovery and troubles
A Chinese-operated bus along Ayer Rajah Road in 1951

After the end of the war, the British Military Administration (BMA) was established to oversee the rebuilding of British institutions in its Malayan and Singapore colonies. Under the BMA, the STC slowly returned to normal operations with much of the dilapidated bus fleet replaced with newer motorbuses of the Albion make whereas the Chinese bus companies sought after numerous British makes such as Vulcan and Bedford. On the other hand, trolleybus operations were scaled down with only 50 new Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies-built trolleybuses procured as opposed the original 108 AEC-built trolleybuses from the pre-war period. Trolleybuses were eventually phased out by 1962 and were replaced by new Isuzu-built motorbuses.[4]

Unfortunately the 1950s boded bad times for both the STC and the Chinese bus companies. General discontent on the poor working conditions, coupled with a highly politicised environment in the 1950s, led to many of their workers joining labour unions such as the STC Employee's Union and the Singapore Bus Workers’ Union (SBWU). Labour unrest led to transport paralysis, with two notorious incidents being the Hock Lee bus riots in 1955 (that year alone saw 57 strikes) and a 146-day-long Great STC Strike in 1956, the latter which further accelerated the decline of the STC when Chinese bus companies established their presence in the inner city with replacement bus services. Illegal “pirate taxis” also flourished during this time, offering a form of relief for stranded commuters although they were also notorious for unsafe driving practices and cost the bus companies and legitimate taxi drivers much losses.[6]

The severity of the situation demanded immediate action from the government; in 1956 five Commissioners led by Mr L.C. Hawkins of the London Transport Executive published a report that recommended nationalisation of public transport[6] but little was followed up by the government then.

1970s: Bus reorganisation and mergers
SBS began operating double-decker buses in 1977; by 2004 its successor SBS Transit was operating more than 700 of such buses, one of which was this Volvo Olympian
Bus lanes was implemented in 1974 to speed up bus services

Five years after the independence of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965, the government published a White Paper to study into an overhaul on bus services; this was followed by the Wilson Report published by Australian transport consultant R.P. Wilson, who not only reaffirmed the need for rationalisation of bus transport but also provided detailed recommendations on bus routes, frequencies, fares, vehicle specifications, bus stop and terminal design and maintenance standards.[7]

In April 1971, the 10 Chinese bus companies were merged to form three larger regional bus companies, namely Amalgamated Bus Company in the west, Associated Bus Services in the east and United Bus Company in the north. The STC retained their presence in central Singapore but lost their privileges previously granted by the 1925 STC Ordinance. Unable to cope with existing financial difficulties and competition from the regional companies, the STC eventually discontinued bus operations in 1971, with its remaining bus fleet being split up between the three regional companies. Service quality did not make great improvement however, with breakdowns and complaints from passengers being very common. Eventually in 1973, the Singapore government persuaded the three regional companies to merge to form a single entity called Singapore Bus Services (SBS).[6]

SBS inherited many problems from its Chinese predecessors, including use of 14 non-standard bus models that frequently broke down, poor standards among the staff and inadequate infrastructure. Hence, the government seconded a Government Team of Officials to SBS in 1974 to overhaul the management and culture. Under the supervision of the GTO, SBS completely overhauled their bus fleet with new buses of usually the Albion Viking VK or Mercedes-Benz OF1413 makes and introduced a rigorous maintenance regime, improving the reliability of their buses greatly whereas a new disciplinary code was introduced, reducing complaints by half from 1979 to 1983. The government also helped to further alleviate the burden from SBS by introducing priority bus lanes to speed up bus services and introduced Scheme B bus services operated by private companies in 1974.[8]

In 1977, SBS introduced into service its first double-decker buses, the Leyland Atlantean AN68 on route 86 between Tampines Way and Shenton Way.[9]

In light of dissatisfaction over bus services in the Jurong area and requests for improved coverage, SBS started a reorganisation of bus services across the country, starting with Jurong. This consisted of a network of internal services serving a town, with external services terminating at a point in the town, along with bus interchanges to serve as such termini. Additional depots were also constructed, which SBS claimed gave them more control over bus operations.[10]

In 1975, one-man operation (OMO) that charged a flat fare (for the case of SBS; TIBS opted for a distance fare) was introduced to cut manpower costs; this was followed by a one-man operated ticketing operation (OTS) in 1982. By 1984, bus conductors were completely phased out.[8]

By 1978, SBS was in a healthy position to be publicly listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange as SBS (1978) Limited.

1980s-1990s: Enter the new players
Whereas SBS opted for double-decker buses, TIBS went for articulated buses instead. This is a Hispano Carrocera-bodies Mercedes-Benz O405G

By the 1980s, SBS had managed to modernise its fleet with new buses such as the Volvo B57, Mercedes-Benz OF1417 and the Leyland Atlantean AN68. By 1982 however, there was concerns that SBS might turn complacent. To ensure that SBS remain competitive, the government gave Mr Ng Ser Miang of Singapore Shuttle Bus (SSB, one of the two operators of City Shuttle Service) the green light to set up a second operator. Named as Trans-Island Bus Service (TIBS), TIBS started operations the following year with a modest fleet of 90 Hino buses on routes 160 and 167. By 1988, the company had expanded its operations to encompass Woodlands and Yishun and operated 328 buses on 214 routes and had taken over SSB.[7]

In 1984, SBS trialled its first air-conditioned buses, the Mercedes-Benz OF1413/61, on route 168. Following various trials of different air-conditioned demonstrators, SBS made its first bulk order for air-conditioned buses in 1989, in this case the Scania N113CRB. When the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) opened in 1987, bus services were further rationalised such that buses complemented the MRT by “feeding” commuters into the MRT network. Fares for both buses and the MRT were also coordinated together from 1987 with the setting of the Public Transport Council that year whereas magnetic stored value cards were implemented across the entire bus network to streamline fare payment earlier in 1986.[8]

In 1993, SBS introduced into service its first air-conditioned 12m double decker bus, the Leyland Olympian 3-axle. With a capacity of 131, its size earned it the nickname the “Superbus”. Three years later, TIBS phased in Singapore's first articulated buses with a length of 17.5m and a capacity of 150.

Late 1990s-2000s: Bus operators go multimodal
An EZ-Link card reader on board an SMRT bus. EZ-Link contactless smart cards were first introduced in 2002
Toa Payoh Bus Interchange was the first air-conditioned bus interchange in Singapore

By 1996, SBS had expanded far beyond public bus operations to include tourist transport (SBS Leisure), taxis (Citycab) and engineering works (SBS Engineering) to name a few. To better manage its business, SBS (1978) Limited was rebranded as DelGro Corporation while public bus services were now managed by a new subsidiary named SBS. This new company also won a tender in 1999 to operate the North East MRT Line and the LRT systems in Sengkang and Punggol and was rebranded as SBS Transit in 2001 to reflect its multimodal nature. By 2003, Delgro Corporation merged with Comfort Group to form ComfortDelGro, one of the largest land transport operators in the world whose operations include Metroline in London and ComfortDelGro Australia. In 2001, TIBS was merged into SMRT Corporation and by 2004, the TIBS name was dropped by SMRT, with TIBS now being known as SMRT Buses.

During this period, there were also numerous changes outside corporate shakeups; in 1995, some bus services in Sengkang and Punggol were transferred to TIBS from SBS but this was reversed in 1999 when SBS won the contract to operate the North East MRT Line. In return, bus services in Bukit Panjang, Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Batok were transferred to TIBS that year.[11] In 2002, the contactless EZ-Link card was introduced to replace the magnetic farecard and the first air-conditioned bus interchange opened in Toa Payoh; by the end of 2019, there will be 11 air-conditioned integrated transport hubs (ITH).

In 2006, SBS Transit introduced into service its first wheelchair accessible bus, the Volvo B9TL, on route 21 between Pasir Ris and St. Michael's. SSB wound up in 2007 with the discontinuation of the City Shuttle Service and its fleet was inherited by SMRT Buses. By 2009, both SBS Transit and SMRT Buses were renewing their respective bus fleets with new low-entry Scania K230UB buses and Mercedes-Benz OC500LE buses respectively.

It was also in the 21st century when the public bus operators looked into alternative fuel sources. In 2002, SBS purchased 12 CNG-powered Volvo B10BLE buses whereas the first hybrid buses and hydrogen fuel cell buses were introduced in 2010.

2010s: Government leans in
Under the new Bus Contracting Model, all new public buses are to be painted in a unified lush green livery

Since the early years of independence, the government has maintained its stance that heavy car usage is not sustainable for Singapore in the long term with a mixed use of policies to both deter car usage and to push its people to take public transport. Public transport in Singapore has unfortunately felt the strain from an increasing population; in December 2011, the North South MRT Line suffered its first major breakdowns with 127,000 passengers affected in the worst of them.

Amid growing criticism of the existing operating model and growing strain on the bus system, the main public transport statutory board Land Transport Authority (LTA) launched the Bus Service Enhancement Programme (BSEP), with 80 new bus routes and 1000 government-funded buses, involving Volvo B9TL, Mercedes-Benz Citaro, Alexander Dennis Enviro500 and MAN A22 buses. introduced over a period of five years. In 2013, the last non air-conditioned public bus, the Volvo Olympian 2-axle, was phased out of service whereas SMRT Buses introduced its first wheelchair accessible articulated bus, the MAN A24 and in the following year, its first ever double decker bus, the Alexander Dennis Enviro500.

In 2014, LTA announced that it would replace the existing operating model with the Bus Contracting Model (BCM) from 2016 onwards. Modelled after the Transperth model with elements of the competitive tendering model from London Buses, LTA would own all bus assets and lease them out in regional packages to different bus operators for five years. The first bus package, the Bulim Bus Package, was awarded to Anglo-Australian company Tower Transit[12][13] whereas Loyang was awarded to Go-Ahead.[14][15] Both companies began their operations in 2016. The entire public bus system was fully transitioned into the BCM by September 2016 with SBS Transit and SMRT signing agreements with LTA to operate the remaining packages up to 2021 to 2026 after which they would be gradually opened up to competitive tendering.[16][17]

Under the BCM, new buses with new features were also introduced; in 2016 the first fully electric bus since the withdrawal of trolleybuses, the BYD K9A, was operated by Go-Ahead Singapore whereas the first buses with USB charging ports commenced service with SMRT that year. In 2017, two three-door buses — a double deck MAN A95 and a single deck MAN A22 were trialled by Tower Transit and SMRT Buses respectively. New Volvo B5LH hybrid buses were also purchased from Volvo in 2018.

On 17 December 2018, LTA started a 6-month trial of on-demand public bus (ODPB) services. It allows commuters to request for on-demand bus services within the Marina-Downtown and Joo Koon areas during off-peak hours on weekdays, and those heading from the CBD to Bedok or Tampines in late-night hours. During the trial, regular bus services serving the areas specified will still be available, though at lower frequencies.[18][19][20] However, the trial wasn't successful and was eventually discontinued after 15 June 2019. As a result, Services 400 and 402, both plying within the Marina-Downtown areas were merged and NightRider Service NR7, plying between the CBD and Bedok/Tampines estates on Fridays, Saturdays & Eves of Public Holidays in late-night hours was also permanently discontinued.[21]

In April 2019, SimplyGo, a new payment scheme that allows direct fare payment from bank cards, was introduced. Stroller restraint systems were also retrofitted on all wheelchair-accessible buses from July 2019 onward. In addition, LTA also experimented with assistive technology for commuters with special needs on routes 139 and 141 from January to July 2019.[22]

2020s: In with electric buses, out with non-wheelchair-accessible buses

On 3 April 2020, 10 units of Yutong E12 electric buses debuted on SMRT services 944 and 983, on Tower Transit services 66 and 990, and on Go-Ahead service 15. Then on 29 July 2020, 5 units of BYD K9 electric buses debuted on SBS Transit services 135, 162 and 807, with the rollout of the remaining 15 units completed in December 2020. On 27 October 2020, 10 units of Yutong E12DD double decker electric buses debuted on SMRT service 983, on Tower Transit service 189, and on Go-Ahead services 83 and 118. LTA is expected to introduce new electric buses of the ST Engineering-Linkker make as well as new 3-door double decker buses by 2021.

All the Volvo Super Olympian buses were retired from revenue service on 8 April 2020, with the exception of SBS9889U being in revenue service until 11 November 2020. However, 2 buses have been preserved - 1 in Hong Kong for heritage purpose and the other in a special needs school in Ang Mo Kio, Singapore for practical purpose. 30 November 2020 marked last day of operation of non-wheelchair-accessible buses with TIB1242U, a Hispano Habit-bodied Mercedes-Benz O405G on Service 169 being the last non-wheelchair-accessible bus on revenue service.

All public buses in revenue service are wheelchair-accessible since 1 December 2020.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on bus services

With the COVID-19 pandemic emerging across the world in 2020, the Singapore government introduced circuit breaker (lockdown) measures to curb the spread of the virus responsible for COVID-19. Under these measures, selected public bus services were suspended in 2 tranches, with adjustments made later. The first tranche of suspended bus services took effect from Wednesday, 8 April 2020, while the second tranche of bus service suspensions started from Wednesday, 15 April 2020.[23] The suspensions lasted till Monday, 1 June 2020, when most bus services (excluding recreational-oriented bus services such as late night services and Chinatown Direct) were resumed at pre-circuit breaker levels.[24][25]

During the circuit breaker (partial lockdown) period, social distancing measures were also implemented on public transport through demarcating areas to stand and seats not to sit on with stickers. Since 14 April 2020, wearing of masks is made compulsory whenever outside home, with the exception of dining in and exercising. Currently, Singaporeans are allowed to gather up to five persons in a group and social distancing of 1m is being done between groups. Social distancing stickers were removed to allow gatherings of up to 5 people.[26]

Vehicles

Singapore's buses consist of single deck and double deck buses and they are operated by all four operators, SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore. Articulated buses are operated by SMRT Buses, with several units being transferred to SBS Transit's Seletar Bus Package under the Bus Contracting Model (BCM).

Single deck and articulated buses
Bus Model Operators Units acquired Years in service Notes Ref.
BYD C6 SMRT Buses 4 units 2019-Present This bus is only deployed on Service 825 [27]
BYD K9 SBS Transit 20 units 2020-Present Go-Ahead Singapore also trialed a BYD K9 between 2016 and 2017 [28]
MAN A22 Go-Ahead Singapore, SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore 734 units (Euro V), 150 units (Euro VI) 2010-Present 20 units have been converted into COVID-19 Patient Transport Vehicles during the COVID-19 Pandemic [29]
MAN A24 SBS Transit, SMRT Buses 40 units 2013-Present Sole model of articulated buses in Singapore as of December 2020. [30]
Mercedes-Benz Citaro Go-Ahead Singapore, SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore 1155 units 2010-Present 51 of these Citaros were built to SMRT specification, while the remaining are built to SBS Transit specifications. [31]
Mercedes-Benz Citaro Hybrid SBS Transit 1 unit 2020-2021 Demonstrator unit, on a 1-year trial [32]
Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE SMRT Buses 134 units 2008-Present First Euro V Buses in South-East Asia [33]
Scania K230UB SBS Transit 501 units (Euro IV), 600 units (Euro V) 2007-Present [34]
ST Engineering/Linkker Electric Bus TBA 20 units From 2021 Based on the Linkker 12 LF low-floor city bus [35]
Volvo B5LH SBS Transit, SMRT Buses 50 units 2018-Present [36]
Volvo B7RLE SBS Transit 1 unit 2007-Present Demonstrator Unit [37]
Yutong E12 Go-Ahead Singapore, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore 10 units 2020-Present [38]
Double deck buses
Bus Model Operators Units acquired Years in service Notes Ref.
Alexander Dennis Enviro500 SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore 216 units 2014-Present [39]
MAN A95 Go-Ahead Singapore, SBS Transit, SMRT Buses 199 units (Euro V), 362 units (Euro VI) 2014-present [40]
Scania K310UD SBS Transit 1 unit 2010-present Demonstrator Unit [41]
Volvo B9TL (CDGE) SBS Transit 200 units 2006-Present Bodywork by ComfortDelGro Engineering

First wheelchair-accessible buses in Singapore

 [42]
Volvo B9TL (Gemilang) SBS Transit 1 unit 2014-Present Demonstrator Unit bodied by Gemilang Coachworks [43]
Volvo B9TL (Wright) Go-Ahead Singapore, SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore 1606 units 2010-present Most common bus model in Singapore. Wright Eclipse Gemini II bodywork by Wrightbus [44]
Yutong E12DD Go-Ahead Singapore, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore 10 units 2020-Present First fully electric double-decker buses in Singapore [45]

Abuse of bus staff

The abuse of bus staff has led to buses requiring protective screens since 2016, not just during the period of COVID-19 pandemic.[46][47][48][49]

Routes
Main article: List of bus routes in Singapore

Singapore has many different bus services plying through the island. These bus routes are categorised accordingly:

  • Trunk: Routes that ply between towns. (e.g. 7, 21, 53M, 133, 162M, 851, 960)
  • Feeder: Services that operate within a neighbourhood. (e.g. 293, 334, 386, 410W, 812, 901M)
  • Short Trip: Routes that operate short haul trips of services which cover high demand sectors of the parent route. (e.g. 3A, 70B, 147A, 222A, 502A, 857A, 965A)
  • Jurong Industrial Service: Routes that service the Jurong and Tuas industrial areas. Operated exclusively by SBS Transit. All Jurong Industrial Services are under Jurong West Bus Package. (e.g. 247, 249, 251, 258)
  • Express: Routes that stop at selected stops and generally run on expressways or long stretches of express sector for faster travel between several towns. (e.g. 43e, 174e, 502, 854e, 951E)
  • City Direct: Service connecting passengers directly to and from the Central Business District during peak hours. Previously operated by private operators. (e.g. 655, 661, 666, 670)
  • NightRider (SMRT Buses) and Nite Owl (SBS Transit): Midnight services on Fridays, Saturdays and eves of Public Holidays. (e.g. 1N, 3N, NR5, NR8)
  • Chinatown Direct: Routes that run from towns to Chinatown via expressways. Operated exclusively by SBS Transit. (i.e. CT8, CT18)
  • Cross Border Services: Services that cross the Causeway or the Second Link into Malaysia. (i.e. 160, 170, 170X, 950)
  • Resorts World Sentosa Bus services: Bus services that operate in and out of Resorts World Sentosa. Services run on weekends and Public Holidays. (i.e. 188R, 963R, RWS8)
  • Scheme B Bus services: Bus services that are operated by private operators at peak timings. (Note that these services are not very well mentioned by LTA) (i.e. 621, 623, 625, 640)

See also

References
  1. "Statistics in Brief 2015 FINAL" (PDF). Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  2. "Bus, train trips hit record high last year". The Straits Times. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  3. "Go-Ahead Singapore begins bus services". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  4. York, F W; Phillips, A R (1996). Singapore: A History of its Trams, Trolleybuses & Buses, Volume One 1880s to 1960s. Croydon, Surrey, UK: DTS Publishing. ISBN 1-900515-00-8.
  5. "Singapore Infopedia: Mosquito bus".
  6. "The Road to Nationalisation: Public buses in Singapore". Biblioasia.
  7. York, F W; Davis, Mike; Phillips, Ron (2005). Singapore Buses Volume 1 Singapore Bus Service Part 1. DTS Publishing. ISBN 9781900515757.
  8. Teo, Eisen (2019). Jalan Singapura : 700 Years of Movement in Singapore. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9789814828741.
  9. "First doubledecker bus service starts on Monday". The Straits Times. Singapore. 11 June 1977. p. 9. Retrieved 3 October 2019 – via NewspaperSG.
  10. "Jurong to have a new bus system". New Nation. Singapore. 19 February 1977. p. 4. Retrieved 3 October 2019 – via NewspaperSG.
  11. Yung, Stanley (2017). Transformation of Singapore Buses. BSI Hobbies (HK). ISBN 978-962-8414-88-8.
  12. "First Bus Package under the Government Contracting Model up for tender". Land Transport Authority. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  13. "LTA hands over Bulim Depot to Tower Transit".
  14. "Second Bus Package under the Government Contracting Model up for tender". Land Transport Authority. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  15. "LTA awards second bus package to Go-Ahead Group PLC". Land Transport Authority. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  16. "Bus Industry to complete Transition to Bus Contracting Model on 1 September 2016". Land Transport Authority. 11 August 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  17. Annex B: Details of the 11 Negotiated Packages. Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  18. "Six-month trial for on-demand public buses to start Dec 17". 3 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  19. "LTA to test on-demand bus services for 6 months". 28 August 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  20. "On-demand public bus trial gets off to a slow start, but service still impresses". CNA. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  21. "End of On-Demand Public Bus Trial". Land Transport Guru.
  22. "2019 Year in Review". Land Transport Guru.
  23. "Transport Arrangements for the Singapore COVID-19 Circuit Breaker Measures". Land Transport Guru. 14 April 2020.
  24. "Post-Circuit Breaker – Resumption of Public Transport Services". Land Transport Guru.
  25. "Post-Circuit Breaker – Suspension of Bus Services". Land Transport Guru.
  26. "Singapore COVID-19 Circuit Breaker Measures – Elevated Safe Distancing Measures on Public Transport". Land Transport Guru.
  27. "BYD C6 (SMRT)". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  28. "BYD K9 (Gemilang)". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  29. "MAN A22 (NL323F)". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru.
  30. "MAN A24 (NG363F)". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  31. "Mercedes-Benz Citaro". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  32. "Mercedes-Benz Citaro Hybrid". landtransportguru.net. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  33. "Mercedes-Benz OC500LE". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  34. "Scania K230UB". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  35. "ST Engineering/Linkker Electric Bus". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  36. "Volvo B5LH". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  37. "Volvo B7RLE". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  38. "Yutong ZK6128BEVG (E12)". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  39. "Alexander Dennis Enviro500". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  40. "MAN A95 (ND323F)". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  41. "Scania K310UD". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  42. "Volvo B9TL (CDGE)". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  43. "Volvo B9TL". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  44. "Volvo B9TL". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  45. "Yutong ZK6125BEVGS (E12DD)". landtransportguru.net. Land Transport Guru. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  46. 吴依瑾, 文 / (11 August 2020). "车长劝戴好口罩不果 "铁齿叔"爆粗吐口水". 早报 (in Chinese). Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  47. "Man who used neck warmer as face mask challenges bus driver for stopping him, likens himself to Rosa Parks". AsiaOne. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  48. hermesauto (16 September 2020). "'This is repugnant and must stop,' says SBS Transit after bus driver assaulted by commuter for enforcing mask rule". The Straits Times. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  49. 潘靖颖, 文 / (6 October 2020). "酒醉打巴士车长 退休中校监六周". 早报 (in Chinese). Retrieved 6 October 2020.

Further reading
  • Ilsa Sharp, (2005), SNP:Editions, The Journey: Singapore's Land Transport Story. ISBN 981-248-101-X
  • York, F W; Phillips, A R (1996). Singapore: A History of its Trams, Trolleybuses & Buses, Volume One 1880s to 1960s. Croydon, Surrey, UK: DTS Publishing. ISBN 1-900515-00-8.
  • York, F W (2009). Singapore: A History of its Trams, Trolleybuses & Buses, Volume Two 1970s to 1990s. Croydon, Surrey, UK: DTS Publishing. ISBN 978-1-900515-01-6.
  • York, F W; Davis, Mike; Phillips, Ron (2005). Singapore Buses Volume 1 Singapore Bus Service Part 1. DTS Publishing. ISBN 9781900515757.
  • Davis, Mike; Phillips, Ron (2006). Singapore Buses Volume 1 Singapore Bus Service Part 2. DTS Publishing. ISBN 9781900515269.
  • Davis, Mike (2012). Singapore Buses Volume 2 Singapore Shuttle Bus and Trans Island Bus Service now SMRT Buses. DTS Publishing. ISBN 9781900515276.
  • Chan, Danny (1996). Singapore Bus Handbook. Northcord International Limited. ISBN 962-920-006-6.
  • Yung, Stanley (2013). The Fleet Directory of Singapore Buses. BSI Hobbies (HK). ISBN 978-962-8414-87-1.
  • Yung, Stanley (2017). Transformation of Singapore Buses. BSI Hobbies (HK). ISBN 978-962-8414-88-8.
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