Planar chirality

Planar chirality, also known as 2d chirality, is the special case of chirality for two dimensions.

Most fundamentally, planar chirality is a mathematical term, finding use in chemistry, physics and related physical sciences, for example, in astronomy, optics and metamaterials. Recent occurrences in latter two fields are dominated by microwave and terahertz applications as well as micro- and nanostructured planar interfaces for infrared and visible light.

In chemistry
An planar chiral derivative of ferrocene, used for kinetic resolution of some racemic secondary alcohols[1]

This term is used in chemistry contexts,[2] e.g., for a chiral molecule lacking an asymmetric carbon atom, but possessing two non-coplanar rings that are each dissymmetric and which cannot easily rotate about the chemical bond connecting them: 2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl is perhaps the simplest example of this case. Planar chirality is also exhibited by molecules like (E)-cyclooctene, some di- or poly-substituted metallocenes, and certain monosubstituted paracyclophanes. Nature rarely provides planar chiral molecules, cavicularin being an exception.

Assigning the configuration of planar chiral molecules

To assign the configuration of a planar chiral molecule, begin by selecting the pilot atom, which is the highest priority of the atoms that is not in the plane, but are directly attached to an atom in the plane. Next, assign the priority of three adjacent in-plane atoms, starting with the atom attached to the pilot atom as priority 1, and preferentially assigning in order of highest priority if there is a choice. Then setting the pilot atom to behind the three atoms in question, if the three atoms form a clockwise direction when followed in order of priority, the molecule is assigned as R, otherwise it is assigned as S.[3]

In optics and metamaterials

Chiral diffraction

Papakostas et al. observed in 2003 that planar chirality affects the polarization of light diffracted by arrays of planar chiral microstructures, where large polarization changes of opposite sign were detected in light diffracted from planar structures of opposite handedness.[4]

Circular conversion dichroism

The study of planar chiral metamaterials has revealed that planar chirality is also associated with an optical effect in non-diffracting structures: the directionally asymmetric transmission (reflection and absorption) of circularly polarized waves. Planar chiral metamaterials, which are also anisotropic and lossy exhibit different total transmission (reflection and absorption) levels for the same circularly polarized wave incident on their front and back. The asymmetric transmission phenomenon arises from different, e.g. left-to-right, circular polarization conversion efficiencies for opposite propagation directions of the incident wave and therefore the effect is referred to as circular conversion dichroism. Like the twist of a planar chiral pattern appears reversed for opposite directions of observation, planar chiral metamaterials have interchanged properties for left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized waves that are incident on their front and back. In particular left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized waves experience opposite directional transmission (reflection and absorption) asymmetries.[5][6]

Extrinsic planar chirality

Achiral components may form a chiral arrangement. In this case, chirality is not an intrinsic property of the components, but rather imposed extrinsically by their relative positions and orientations. This concept is typically applied to experimental arrangements, for example, an achiral (meta)material illuminated by a beam of light, where the illumination direction makes the whole experiment different from its mirror image. Extrinsic planar chirality results from illumination of any periodically structured interface for suitable illumination directions. Starting from normal incidence onto a periodically structured interface, extrinsic planar chirality arises from tilting the interface around any axis that does not coincide with a line of mirror symmetry of the interface. In the presence of losses, extrinsic planar chirality can result in circular conversion dichroism, as described above.[7]

Chiral mirrors

Conventional mirrors reverse the handedness of circularly polarized waves upon reflection. In contrast, a chiral mirror reflects circularly polarized waves of one handedness without handedness change, while absorbing circularly polarized waves of the opposite handedness. A perfect chiral mirror exhibits circular conversion dichroism with ideal efficiency. Chiral mirrors can be realized by placing a planar chiral metamaterial in front of a conventional mirror.[8] The concept has been exploited in holography to realize independent holograms for left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized electromagnetic waves.[9] Active chiral mirrors that can be switched between left and right, or chiral mirror and conventional mirror, have been reported.[10]

See also

References
  1. Ruble, J. C.; Latham, H. A.; Fu, G. C. (1997). "Effective Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols with a Planar-Chiral Analogue of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. Use of the Fe(C5Ph5) Group in Asymmetric Catalysis". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (6): 1492–1493. doi:10.1021/ja963835b.
  2. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "planar chirality". doi:10.1351/goldbook.P04681
  3. Kalsi, P.S. "Stereochemistry Conformation and Mechanism"
  4. Papakostas, A.; Potts, A.; Bagnall, D. M.; Prosvirnin, S. L.; Coles, H. J.; Zheludev, N. I. (2003). "Optical Manifestations of Planar Chirality" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 90 (10): 107404. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.107404. PMID 12689032.
  5. Fedotov, V. A.; Mladyonov, P. L.; Prosvirnin, S. L.; Rogacheva, A. V.; Chen, Y.; Zheludev, N. I. (2006). "Asymmetric propagation of electromagnetic waves through a planar chiral structure". Physical Review Letters. 97 (16): 167401. arXiv:physics/0604234. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97p7401F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.167401. PMID 17155432.
  6. Plum, E.; Fedotov, V. A.; Zheludev, N. I. (2009). "Planar metamaterial with transmission and reflection that depend on the direction of incidence". Applied Physics Letters. 94 (13): 131901. arXiv:0812.0696. Bibcode:2009ApPhL..94m1901P. doi:10.1063/1.3109780. S2CID 118558819.
  7. Plum, E.; Fedotov, V. A.; Zheludev, N. I. (2011). "Asymmetric transmission: a generic property of two-dimensional periodic patterns" (PDF). Journal of Optics. 13 (2): 024006. doi:10.1088/2040-8978/13/2/024006. S2CID 52235281.
  8. Plum, E.; Zheludev, N. I. (2015-06-01). "Chiral mirrors". Applied Physics Letters. 106 (22): 221901. Bibcode:2015ApPhL.106v1901P. doi:10.1063/1.4921969. ISSN 0003-6951. S2CID 19932572.
  9. Wang, Q.; Plum, E.; Yang, Q.; Zhang, X.; Xu, Q.; Xu, Y.; Han, J.; Zhang, W. (2018). "Reflective chiral meta-holography: multiplexing holograms for circularly polarized waves". Light: Science & Applications. 7: 25. doi:10.1038/s41377-018-0019-8. PMC 6106984. PMID 30839596.
  10. Liu, M.; Plum, E.; Li, H.; Duan, S.; Li, S.; Xu, Q.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, C.; Jin, B.; Han, J.; Zhang, W. (2020). "Switchable chiral mirrors". Advanced Optical Materials. 8 (15). doi:10.1002/adom.202000247.
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